List

Definitions-1

 July 2, 2013 |  admin |  Uncategorized
No
What
is….?
Answer…
1
Abfraction
 A regressive
alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent
dentition leading to loss of tooth surface at the cervical areas of teeth
caused by tensile and compressive forces during tooth flexure. Alternatively,
Cervical erosive lesions that cannot be attributed to any particular etiology
2
Abrasion
 A regressive alteration of
tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition
leading to abnormal loss of tooth structure due to non-masticatory physical
friction.
3
Abscess
 A localized
accumulation of pus caused by an infection. Example periapical abscess.
4
Acantholysis
 A histopathological feature,
characterized by loss of the intercellular bridges of the prickle cell layer
(spinous) of the epithelium usually caused by accumulation of fluid or edema
in between the keratinocytes.
5
Acanthosis
 A
histopathological feature, characterized by excessive thickening of the
intermediate cell layer or the stratum spinosum resulting in broadening and
elongation of the rete pegs. It is considered as one of hall mark of
epithelial dysplasia.
6
Acanthosis nigricans
 A rare acquired dermatological
disease with an abnormal Keratinization process leading to development of
velvety brownish alteration of skin. Sometimes this disease may be a marker
of malignancy.
7
Accessory cusps
 A
developmental anomaly of shape characterized extra cusp like the cusp of
Caraebilli in maxillary first molar. 
8
Acidogenic theory
 It states that dental caries
is a chemico-parasitic process consisting of two stages- the decalcification
of enamel as a preliminary stage followed by dissolution of the softened
residue. The acid required for decalcification is synthesized by the
fermentation of starch and food residue by the bacteria’s. This theory was
proposed by Miller.
9
Acinic cell adenocarcinoma
 A malignant
salivary gland malignancy that salivary gland cells showing serous acinar
differentiation, most commonly found in the parotid gland.
10
Acquired disturbances
 Disturbances in the structure
or morphology of any organ form birth or during growth and can occur as a
result of environmental or hereditary factors.
11
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
 A syndrome
caused by the infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus causing the
suppression of the immune system and predisposing the individual to
infections.
12
Acral lentiginous melanoma
 A melanoma that is a brown in
color irregularly shaped macular lesion that undergoes progression to nodular
melanoma.
13
Acrodynia
  A chronic
mercury exposure in infants and children where it produces a cold clammy
skin, erythematous rashes, excessive salivation, and gingivitis may be the
features of the condition.
14
Acromegaly
  A hormonal disorder that
results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone.
15
Actinic chelitis
 A chronic
inflammatory lesion caused by chronic exposure to actinic or sunlight
manifesting in skin of the middle and lower third of face and commonly in
lower lips.
16
Actinic keratosis
 Is a common cutaneous
premalignant lesion caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation exposure with
microscopic changes in epithelium and connective tissues.
17
Actinic lentigo
 Is a benign,
multiple, freckle like lesion resulting from chronic exposure to ultraviolet
damage to skin.
18
Actinomycosis
 Is an infection of
filamentous, branching, gram positive anaerobic bacteria belonging to
actinomycetes family. The supparative reaction is with yellowish sulphur like
flecks that are the colonies of the organisms.  
19
Acute
  Of shorter
duration. Usually have severe symptoms.
20
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
  An infection of the gingiva
caused by fusobacterium and Borecellia vincentii affecting inter- dental
papillae as a punched out lesion covered by a pseudomembrane.
21
Acute osteomyelitis
 A rapidly
destructive inflammatory process of bone and soft tissues associated with
bone that usually consists of granulation tissue, purulent exudates, and
islands of non-vital bone (sequestra).
22
Acute pulpitis
  An inflammation of the pulp
caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The
thermal change (hot or cold) initiates the pain that is relived on removal of
the noxious stimuli. It is usually either reversible or irreversible.
23
Addison´s disease
 A rare
hormonal disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough
of the hormone cortisol and less commonly aldosterone.
24
Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma
 A rare low grade
histopathological variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma or in sun-exposed
skin of the face and lower lip. The malignant cells are arranged in a gland
like pattern.
25
Adenoma
 In Clinical
terms refers to a glandular malignancy either benign or malignant. 
26
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
 An odontogenic tumor arising
from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, well-circumscribed lesion that usually
occurs around the crowns of unerupted anterior teeth of young patients and
consists of epithelium in swirls and ductal patterns interspersed with spherical
enamel like calcifications.
27
Adenosquamous carcinoma
  A rare,
aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa consisting of a mixture
of malignant squamous and glandular cells.
28
Adult monostotic fibrous dysplasia
  A rare form of fibrous dysplasia
occurring spontaneously in adulthood involving a single bone.
29
Adventious dentin
 The
pathologically formed secondary dentin as a result of abnormal irritation.
30
Aerodontolgia
  A condition similar to
pulpitis experienced in deep fillings in high altitudes is referred as
aerodontalgia.
31
Agenesis
 Complete
absence of an organ and its associated structures.
32
Agranulocytosis
  A marked decrease in the
number of granulocytes (circulating or immature), particularly neutrophils.
33
Allergen
  A substance
capable of inducing hypersensitivity or an allergic reaction.
34
Allergy
  A hypersensitive state
acquired through exposure to a particular allergen. Re-exposure to the same
allergen elicits an exaggerated reaction.
35
Alveolar cyst of new born
 They are
small, superficial keratin filled cyst found in the alveolar mucosa of infants
that arise from the remnants of the dental lamina.
36
Alveolar osteitis
 The destruction of initial
clot usually after a traumatic extraction prevents the normal healing process
causing the clinical condition of alveolar ostetits. Also known as dry socket.
37
Amalgam tattoo
  Oral soft
tissue discolorations due to amalgam; most common exogenous pigmentation of
the oral cavity.
38
Ameloblastic carcinoma
  An aggressive neoplasm of the
jaws in which the epithelial cells exhibit histologic features of common
ameloblastoma and malignancy.
39
Ameloblastic fibroma
  An
odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that is well
circumscribed often located over unerupted molars in young patients; the
connective tissue recapitulate primitive ectomesenchyme often found during
various stages of odontogenesis.
40
Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma
  An odontogenic tumor arising
from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that has general features of ameloblastic
fibroma but contains enamel and dentin. Alternatively it is an expansile
odontogenic tumor in young patients that contains the soft tissue components
of ameloblastic fibroma and the hard tissue components of complex odontoma.
41
Ameloblastic odontoma or odontoameloblastoma
  A rare
odontogenic tumor that contains an ameloblastomatous component together with
odontoma-like elements.
42
Ameloblastoma
 A unicentric neoplasm of
odontogenic epithelium that is clinically benign, anatomically persistent,
locally invasive and that has a wide spectrum of histologic patterns.
43
Amelogenesis
  The process
of formation of the enamel portion of the tooth.
44
Amelogenesis imperfecta
 A spectrum of hereditary
defects in the formation of ameloblasts and the mineralization of enamel
matrix that results in teeth with multiple generalized abnormalities
affecting the enamel layer only.
45
Amino acid
 An organic
compound containing the amino group NH2. Amino acids are the main component
of proteins.
46
Amyloidosis
 Represents a heterogeneous
group of conditions characterized by the deposition of an extra cellular
proteincious material called amyloid.
47
Anachoretic pulpitis
 Refers to the
inflammation of pulp caused by agents reaching pulp through circulation.
48
Anaphylaxis
  A type of hypersensitivity or
allergic reaction in which the exaggerated immunologic reaction results from
the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine. The reaction occurs
on re-exposure to a foreign protein or other substance after sensitization.
49
Anaplasia
 Lack of
differentiation of cells
50
Anaplastic
 Refers to an adult cell that
has changed irreversibly toward more primitive cell types and is often
malignant.
51
Anemia
 A
quantitative and or qualitative reduction of hemoglobin in blood. (Or)
Reduction to less than normal of the number of red blood cells or quantity of
hemoglobin or to the volume of packed red blood cells in the blood. (Or)
Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood. 
52
Anesthesia dolorosa
 An uncommon side-effect of
surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia resulting in a combination of
anesthesia and spontaneous pain of the facial skin.
53
Aneurysmal bone cyst
 An uncommon
lesion (Pseudocyst) located primarily in the posterior mandible and maxilla
with clinical features similar to central giant cell lesion often containing
many large blood-filled spaces separated by connective tissue septa
containing giant cell tissue and lined by epithelium.
54
Angiolipoma
 A benign tumor that consists of
an admixture of mature fat and numerous small blood vessels.
55
Angioma
 A benign
tumor made up of blood or lymph vessels.
56
Angiomatosis
  The process of subcutaneous
vascular proliferation is referred to as angiomatosis.
57
Angioneurotic odema
 A diffuse
edematous swelling of subcutaneous or submucosal soft tissues and is related
to changes in vascular permeability due to mast cell granulation or C1
esterase deficiency.
58
Angiosarcoma
 Malignant, rare, rapidly
growing lesion of endothelial cells that is more common in young patients and
has a poor prognosis.
59
Angular chelitis
  It is an
infectious diseases occurring along the corners of mouth caused by Candida,
staphylococci or streptococci or a mixed infection. The lesion ulcerates and
readily bleeds.
60
Anitschkow cell
 The cytologic smear of a
recurrent apthous ulcer show a characteristic change in nucleus of epithelium
with elongated nuclei containing a linear bar of chromatin. Such a cell is
termed as Anitschkow cell.
61
Ankyloglssia
 A
developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by an abnormal extensive
adhesion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth or the lingual aspect of the
anterior portion of the mandible caused by a short lingual frenum.
62
Ankylosed teeth
 Teeth that are fused to the
alveolar bone by means of cementum; a condition especially common with retained
deciduous teeth.
63
Anodontia
 Congenital
condition in which all the teeth fail to develop.
64
Anomaly
 Any deviation from normal. May
involve in composition, number, size, shape or structure.
65
Antibody
 A protein
produced in the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies
react specifically to antigens in an attempt to neutralize these foreign
substances.
66
Antigen
 A substance, usually a
protein, which is recognized as foreign by the body’s immune system and
stimulates formation of a specific antibody to the antigen.
67
Antoni A tissue
 In
neurilemoma, some of the neural tissue is regularly arranged in streaming
fascicles of Schwann cells which often are palisaded and regularly arranged,
refered as Antoni A tissue.
68
Antoni B tissue
 In neurilemoma, a part of the
neural tissue is irregularly arranged in streaming fascicles of Schwann cells
which often are less organized and less cellular refered as Antoni B tissue.
69
Apert’s syndrome or Acrocephalosyndactyly
 A rare
craniosynostosis syndrome with characteristic features including acrobrachycephaly,
Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of second, third and
fourth digits of limbs observed.
70
Apical peridontal cyst
 An odontogenic cyst of
inflammatory origin that is preceded by dental caries and a chronic
periapical granuloma and stimulation of rests of Malassez present in the
periodontal membrane.
71
Aplasia
 Absence of an
organ owing to lack of division of cells resulting in absence in that
particular cells. Or Absence of an organ or a part of an organ due to failure
of development of the embryonic tissue of origin or a defect in synchronous
growth or a signaling molecule.
72
Aplastic anemia
 A rare type of life threatening
hematological disorder characterized by failure of the hematopoeitic
precursor cells to produce all blood cells, caused usually by the exposure to
certain drugs, virus and carcinogens.
73
Apthous ulcer
  A recurrent
ulcer of uncertain etiology. The chief etiological agents suggested include
viruses, stresses and allergy. Includes a solitary large major variant and a
multiple small minor variant.
74
Arrested caries
 A dental caries that has
become static and does not show any tendency for further progression.
75
Asteroid bodies
 The
granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis contains laminated stellate
inclusions called as asteroid bodies.
76
Asymptomatic
 A lack of symptoms or
complaints by the patient.
77
Atrophic
 A normally
developed tissue that has decreased in size as compared to its normal size.
78
Atrophy
 Shrinkage in size of cell due
to loss of cell substance.
79
Attrition
 A regressive
alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent
dentition leading to loss of tooth structure due to mechanical action of
mastication. Is a physiological process when involving aged individuals and
pathological in young patients.
80
Atypical
 Irregular, not conformable to
the type.
81
Auspitz sign
 A Clinical
sign in psoriasis wherein when the dry scales are removed forcefully reveals
a one or more tiny bleeding spots.
82
Autoantibody
 An antibody that reacts
against an antigenic constituent of the person’s own tissues.
83
Autoimmune disease
 A disease or
a lesion characterized by tissue injury caused by a humoral or cell-mediated
immune response against constituents of the body’s own tissues.
84
Autoimmunity
 Immune-mediated destruction of
the body’s own cells and tissues; immunity against self.
85
Autoinoculation
 To inoculate
with a pathogen such as a virus from one’s own body.
86
Autosomes
 The non-sex chromosomes those
are identical for men and women.
87
B lymphocyte
 A lymphocyte
-B cell (B for Bursa of fabricus in birds), that forms in bone marrow and
matures without passing through the thymus. It matures into plasma cells that
produce antibodies or Immunoglobulins.
88
Baby bottle syndrome
 See Rampant caries
89
Bacillary angiomatosis
 Is a
multifocal subcutaneous vascular proliferation associated with cat scratch
disease and often observed in patients with long standing HIV infection. They
respond to erythromycin.
90
Ballooning degeneration
 The virus (Simplex virus)
infected cell exhibit acantholysis, nuclear clearing and enlargement and is
called as the ballooning degeneration.
91
Basal cell carcinoma
 A common,
locally invasive, slow spreading, non metastasizing primary epithelial
malignancy of the basal layer of skin and its appendages composed of
medullary pattens of basaloid cells.
92
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
  Rare, aggressive form of
poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma consisting of medullary
patterns of cells with central areas of necrosis and resembles to basal cell
carcinoma of skin.
93
Bell’s palsy
 Is an acute,
often unilateral paralysis of the facial musculature with no proven cause.
94
Benign
 Not malignant; favorable for
recovery.
95
Benign fibro-osseous lesions
 A
heterotrophic collection of non-neoplastic intraosseous lesions that replaces
normal bone and consists of a cellular fibrous connective tissue within which
nonfunctional osseous structures form.
96
Benign fibrous histiocytoma
 A diverse group of benign
neoplasm that exhibit both fibroblast and histiocytes and characterized by a
storiform pattern with the spindle shaped fibroblast with vesicular nuclei
predominating.
97
Benign lymphoepithelial cyst
 A
lymphoepithelial cyst commonly located intraorally on the posterior lateral
tongue and the anterior floor of the mouth inside the lymphoid tissue and is
usually submucosal in its position.
98
Benign migratory glossitis
 A developmental anomaly of
tongue characterized by multiple sensitive irregularly shaped erythematous
patches on the tongue with arcuate white rims that enlarge and change shape
daily.
99
Bifid condyle
 Is a rare
developmental anomaly of head & neck region characterized by a double
headed mandibular condyle. Fractures of condyle during growth may lead to
bifid condyle.
100
Bifid uvula
 Is the most minimal
manifestation of cleft palate and is limited to soft tissue structure of the
uvula.
101
Biopsy
 Excision of a
living tissue for the purpose of examination by a pathologist.
102
Black hairy tongue
 Is a developmental defect of
tongue, characterized by marked accumulation of keratin on the filliform
papillae of the dorsal aspect and associated with other conditions.
103
Blanching
 To take the
color out of / Make white.
104
Bleopharochalasis
 Refers to the recurring edema
of the upper eyelids leading to sagging of the lid at the outer canthus of
the eye. It is a major component of the Ascher’s syndrome.
105
Blue nevus
 A benign
pigmented epithelial pathology that presents as a dark blue dome-shaped
papule or as a flat macule on the skin or mucosa. Made up of nevus cell and
appears blue due to tyndallization effect.
106
Bohn’s nodules
 An uncommon superficial raised
nodule scattered over the hard palate often near the border with the soft
palate in infants that resolve without treatment; derived from rests of the
dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.
107
Bony
 Composed of
or containing bone.
108
Botryoid odontogenic cyst
 A slow-growing, non-expansile
developmental odontogenic cyst derived from rests of the dental lamina
resembling a bunch of grapes.  The cyst
contains an embryonic lining of 1 to 3 cuboidal cells and distinctive focal
thickenings (plaques).
109
Branchial cleft cyst
 An unusually
large lymphoepithelial cyst located on the lateral aspect of the neck.
110
Brodie´s abscess
  A chronic abscess walled off
in a sclerotic bone.
111
Bruxism
 A
parafunctional masticatory habit related to stress or a sleep disorder,
characterized by grinding one’s teeth. May lead to attrition.
112
Buccal bifurcation cyst
 A cyst of uncertain origin
found primarily on the distal or facial aspect of a vital mandibular third
molar, consisting of intensely inflamed connective tissue and an epithelial
lining.
113
Bulimia
  A
psychiatric compulsive eating disorder characterized by episodic eating of
large volumes of food, followed by purging behavior such as self-induced
vomiting. This may cause erosion of the lingual aspect of mandibular anterior
teeth.
114
Bull’s eye lesion
 Skin or mucous membrane
lesions which are concentric rings resembling a circle within a circle; with
a slightly depressed, dusky purple center, an elevated, surrounding macular
erythema pale middle zone, and an erythematous border; usually associated
with herpes simplex or erythema multiforme or drug eruption or mycoplasma
infection.
115
Bulla (bullous/ bullae)
 A
circumscribed elevated blister like lesion that is more than 5 mm in
diameter, usually contains serous fluid.
116
Cabots rings
 A red blood cell abnormal
feature observed in peripheral smear of pernicious anemia.
117
Café au lait spots
 Hyperpigmented lesions that may vary in
color from light brown to dark brown. The borders may be smooth or irregular.
Often found with fibrous dysplasia, neurofibromatosis and certain endocrine
abnormalities.
118
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
 An odontogenic tumor arising
from epithelium which is locally aggressive consisting of strands and
medullary patterns of squamous and clear cells that are often accompanied by
spherical calcifications (“Lisegang” ring) and amyloid-staining hyaline
deposits. Also known as “Pindborg tumor”
119
Calcifying odontogenic cyst
 A rare,
well-circumscribed, solid or cystic lesion derived from odontogenic
epithelium that superficially resembles follicular ameloblastoma but contains
“ghost cells” and spherical calcifications.
120
Cancrum oris
 Is rapidly progressive
opportunistic infections of the normal oral flora during immunocompromised
state and often begins as ANUG.
121
Candidiasis
 Encompasses a
group of mucosal and cutaneous conditions with a common etiologic agent from
the Candida genus of fungi; the most common oral mycotic infection.
122
Canker sores
  Also known as apthous
stomatitits. It is a most common oral pathological ulceration attributed to
many reasons. May present as a major, minor and recurrent forms.
123
Cannon’s disease
  See white
spongy nevus
124
Capedont teeth
 Is a term given to teeth
affected with dentinogenesis imperfecta.
125
Capsule
 Compressed
fibrous connective tissue around a benign tumor or a cyst separating it from
surrounding tissues.
126
Carcinogen
 A cancer causing agent.
127
Carcinogenesis
 The train of
biological events that underlies development of neoplasia.
128
Carcinoma
 A malignant growth made up of
epithelial cells that are capable of infiltration and metastasis.
129
Carcinoma in situ
 The most
severe stage of epithelial dysplasia, involving the entire thickness of the
epithelium, with the epithelial basement membrane remaining intact.
130
Caries, dental
 The microbial disease of teeth
involving progressive demineralization of inorganic parts of tooth and
followed by dissolution of organic material and modified by the saliva and
dietary factors.
131
Carotid artery syndrome
 Is an
abnormal developmental defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and
or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia
and transient syncope. Also known as Eagle’s syndrome.
132
Carotid body tumor
 Are the tumors that arise from
the carotid body (chemoreceptors responsible for detecting changes in blood
pH/ oxygen tension, at the bifurcation of carotids).
133
Carpet tack lesions
 In discoid
lupus erythematosus, when the cutaneous scales are forcefully removed
numerous extensions that had dipped in to the enlarged pilosebaceous canals.
Such a lesion is described as carpet tack lesion.
134
Carrier
 In genetics, a heterozygous
individual who is clinically normal but who can transmit a recessive trait or
characteristic; also, a person who is homozygous for an autosomal dominant
condition with low penetrance.
135
Cell-mediated immunity
 Immunity in
which the predominant role is played by T lymphocytes.
136
Cellulitis
 A painful swelling of the soft
tissue of the mouth and face resulting from a diffuse spreading of purulent
exudate along the fascial planes that separate the muscle bundles.
137
Cementifying fibroma
 Also known as
ossifying fibroma, cemento –ossifying fibroma. It is a well demarcated,
osteogenic neoplasm that is composed of fibrous tissue that contain variable
amount of calcified structure- bone and cementum in varying proportion.
138
Cementoblastoma
 A benign, well-circumscribed
neoplasm of cementum-like tissue growing in continuity with the apical
cemental layer of a tooth (often molar or premolar) that produce expansion of
cortical plates and pain.
139
Cementoma, Familial gigantiform
 Is a synonym
used for florid type of cemento-osseous dysplasia that occurs in a familial
pattern as an autosomal inherited condition.
140
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
 Are a group of common
fibro-osseous lesions in the jaw that have pathologic features similar to
fibrous dysplasia.
141
Cemento-osseous dysplasia, florid
 A variant of
cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the adult females and commonly in
the afroamericans.
142
Cemento-osseous dysplasia, Focal
 A variant of cemento-osseous
dysplasia that is found in the mandibular posterior region, usually in the
middle aged females and with no racial predilection.
143
Cemento-osseous dysplasia, periapical
 A variant of
cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the mandibular anterior periapical
region, usually in the middle aged females and commonly in the afroamericans.
144
Cemento-ossifying fibroma
 A well-demarcated,
encapsulated, expansile lesion of the jaws composed of cellular fibrous
tissue containing spherical calcifications and irregular, randomly oriented
bony structures and may be central or peripheral in location.
145
Central
 In Oral
Pathology, a lesion occurring within Jaws.
146
Central giant cell lesion
 An intraosseous destructive
lesion of the jaws in which lesions tends to expand the cortical plates,
cause movement of teeth, and produce root resorption; composed of
multinucleated giant cells in a background of mononuclear fibro-histiocytic
cells and red blood cells. The cause may involve an abnormal calcium
metabolism including renal and parathyroid gland pathology.
147
Central odontogenic fibroma
 An
intraosseous benign neoplasm tissue of odontogenic origin (ectomesenchyme
with or without epithelium) containing widely scattered islands and strands
of embryonic odontogenic epithelium and calcifications.
148
Central papillary atrophy of tongue
 A form of erythematous
candidal infection in the central part of the dorsum of tongue. Presents as a
well demarcated erythematous zone that is often asymptomatic. It was
previously thought to be a developmental anomaly of tongue.
149
Centromere
  The
constricted portion of the chromosome that divides both the arms.
150
Cervical enamel projection
 Focal apical extensions of the
enamel beyond the normally smooth cervical margin and on to the root of the
tooth.
151
Chanchre
  Refers to
the lesion of primary syphilis. Develops at the site of inoculation as a
papular lesion with a central ulceration.
152
Cheesy
 Lesion’s texture is similar to
curds of cheese.
153
Chemotaxis
 Taxis or
movement in response to chemical stimulation. Often exhibited by the
phagocytes.
154
Cherubism
 An autosomal dominant rare
developmental fibro-osseous type of lesion of the jaws in children involving
more than one quadrant and stabilizes after the growth period, usually
leaving some facial deformity and malocclusion.
155
Chlorodontia
 A type of intrinsic
greenish discoloration of teeth caused by accumulation of bilirubin that
breaks in to biliverdin. This is formed during conditions hyperbilirubinemia.
156
Chondrosarcoma
 An uncommon malignant bone
neoplasm in the jaws, usually of the anterior maxilla, consisting of a
proliferation of chondroblasts or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells and
abnormal cartilage but no osteoid or bone.
157
Choriostomas
 Ectopic rests
of non transformed tissues, not indigenous to that particular site. Or Is a
tumor like growth of microscopically normal tissue in an abnormal location.
158
Chromatid
 Either of the two vertical
halves of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere.
159
Chromatin
 A general
term used to refer to the material (DNA) that forms the chromosomes.
160
Chronic
 Persisting over a longer
duration; generally implies that there has been little change or extremely
slow progression over a long period.
161
Chronic apical pulpitis
 An
irreversible lesion located at the root apex showing the extension of the
inflammatory process from the pulpal chamber. (Clinical; Radiological)
162
Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp)
 An uncommon and specific type
of inflammatory hyperplasia reaction of pulp to deep caries in a young person
in which an inflamed hyperplastic pulp extends through a large carious lesion
of a non-vital tooth.
163
Chronic osteomyelitis
 Prolonged
inflammation of bone and soft tissues of bone including marrow, almost
invariably due to infection.
164
Chronic pulpitis
 An inflammation of the pulp
caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The
thermal change (hot) initiates the pain that is not relived on removing the
noxious stimuli. It is usually irreversible and with a dull pain.
165
Chrysiasis
  Is a common
complication of gold therapy that is manifested as a slate blue discoloration
of sun exposed skin.
166
Chvosteks’s sign
 Is an oral finding observed in
hypoparathyroidism. It is characterized by a twitching of upper lip when the
facial nerve is tapped just below zygomatic process. It suggests a latent
degree of tetany.
167
Clear cell
 A cell often
associated with pathological lesions in hematoxycillin and eosin stain and
which has a clear cytoplasm with a small peripherally located nucleus often
due to accumulation of water, carbohydrate or proteins that do not take the
stain.
168
Cleft lip
 A developmental defect of
middle face characterized by the failure of fusion of median nasal process
and maxillary process resulting in soft tissue abnormality.
169
Cleft palate
 A
multifactorial developmental defect of the palate characterized by a lack of
complete fusion of the two lateral portions of the palate, resulting in a
communication with the nasal cavity.
170
Cleidocranial dysplasia
 A rare condition inherited as
an autosomal dominant and characterized by partial or complete absence of the
clavicles, defective ossification of the skull, and faulty occlusion due to
missing, misplaced, or supernumerary teeth along with high arched palate.
171
Coagulation
  Refers to
the process of clotting.
172
Codon
 The vertical sequence of three
bases in DNA that codes for an amino acid. (Genetic)
173
Colley’s anemia
 Is also known
as thalassemia major. It has a defective hemoglobin synthesis inherited
through 2 defective genes for beta globin molecule causing microcytic,
hypochromic anemia.
174
Commissure or the angle of mouth
 The junction of the upper and
lower lips at the corner of the mouth.
175
Compound nevus
 The nevus
characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the
basal cell layer of the surface epithelium and involving the underlying
connective tissue.
176
Concrescence
  A developmental anomaly or
post inflammatory defect involving shape of teeth in which there is union of
two adjacent teeth by cementum alone without the confluence of dentin.
177
Condyloma acuminatum
 Is a virus
induced (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) proliferation of the stratified squamous
epithelium of the genetilia.
178
Condyloma lata
 Is a benign viral induced
(HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as
a painless papule or a nodule with a papillary projections.
179
Congenital
 Present at,
or existing from the time of birth.
180
Congenital lip pits
 Autosomal dominant trait
resulting in developmental defects involving the vermilion border of the
lower and upper lip either at the central or the commissural area.
181
Consanguinity
 Blood
relationship. In genetics, the term is generally used to describe marriages
among close relatives.
182
Corps rands
 Refers to the peculiar round
shaped dyskeratotic cells observed in Darrier’s disease.
183
Corrugated
  Descriptive
term for a surface that appears wrinkled.
184
Cotton roll burn
 An iatrogenic injury caused by
the oral mucosa become adherent to the dry cotton roll and their rapid
removal from the mouth lead to stripping of the epithelium in the area.
185
Crouzon syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis
 An uncommon,
autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by craniosynostosis
and dysmorphic facial features. The characteristic features include
acrobrachycephaly, Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of
second, third and fourth digits of limbs observed.
186
Crowe’s sign
 Axillary freckling is known as
crowe’s sign and observed in neurofibromatosis.
187
Cyst
 Is a
pathologic epithelium-lined cavity, usually containing fluid or semisolid or
gas. (Kramer)
188
Cystic hygroma
 Anomaly of the lymphatic
system characterized by single or multiple cysts within the soft tissues,
usually involving the head and neck.
189
Cytologic
 Pertaining to
the scientific study of cells.
190
Cytology
 The scientific study of
structures within the cell.
191
Cytopathologic
 Pertaining to
or characterized by pathologic changes in cells.
192
Darrier’s disease
  An uncommon genodermatoses
inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with defect in the adherence
mechanism between surface squamous epithelial cell leading to acantholysis
and characterized histopathologically by test-tube reteridges, corpsrands and
grains.
193
Dead tracts
 Is a age
related change in dentin, where in due to a trauma the odontoblastic process
die and dentinal tubules are filled with air in section that appear as dark
in transmitted light.
194
Degeneration
 Refers to the pathologic
changes with cells which may to a certain extent reversible.
195
Delayed eruption
  The process
of eruption of deciduous or permanent teeth very lately in relative to the
normal age range.
196
Dens evaginatus
 A developmental anomaly in the
shape of teeth in which a focal area of the crown projects outward and
produces what appears as an extra cusp or an abnormal shape to existing
cuspal arrangements. Often caused by an evagination of the crown during
developmental stage.
197
Dens in dente
 “A tooth
within a tooth”- A developmental anomaly in the shape of a malformed
tooth caused by an invagination of the crown before it is calcified. (Or) An
enamel-lined “pouch” extending apically from the lingual surface. It commonly
affects maxillary lateral incisor teeth and manifests as an invagination on
the lingual surface that may reach the pulp. Also known as Dens invaginatus.
198
Dental fluorosis
 A condition of enamel
hypoplasia characterized by white chalky spots or brown staining and pitting
of teeth due to an increased level of fluoride in affecting enamel matrix
formation and calcification by the reaction of fluoride on the process of
calcification.
199
Dental transposition
 A
developmental anomaly characterized by a normal teeth erupting in to an
inappropriate position.
200
Denticle
 A regressive alteration of
teeth characterized by spherical calcification within the dental pulp lying
free or attached to the pulpal surface of the tooth
201
Dentigerous cyst
 A common
developmental type of odontogenic cyst associated with unerupted teeth and is
caused by fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and the
enamel surface, resulting in a cyst in which the crown is located within the
lumen and root(s) outside.
202
Dentin dysplasia
  A hereditary developmental
defect in dentin formation in which the coronal dentin and tooth color is
normal; the root dentin is abnormal with a gnarled pattern and associated
shortened and tapered roots.
203
Dentinogenesis
 The formation
of dentin.
204
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
 A hereditary defect consisting
of opalescent teeth composed of irregularly formed and under mineralized
dentin that obliterates the coronal and root pulpal chambers.
205
Denture epulis
 Is a tumor
like hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that develops in association
with the flange of an ill fitting denture.
206
Denture sore mouth
 Or Denture stomatitis. It is
an erythematous or better a chronic atrophic candidiasis localized to denture
bearing areas of maxillary denture.
207
Dermatofibroma
 Or fibrous
histiocytoma. They are a diverse group of soft tissue benign tumors that
exhibit both fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation.
208
Dermoid cyst
 Is an uncommon developmental cystic
malformation of the midline of the upper neck or the anterior floor of the
mouth of young patients, derived from remnants of embryonic skin, consisting
of a lumen lined by a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and
containing one or more skin appendages such as hair, sweat, or sebaceous
glands.
209
Desmoplastic fibroma
  A Benign
diffuse infiltrative proliferation of fibroblasts leading to mature collagen
deposition, occurring primarily within the mandible in young patients. A
histopathological variant of fibroma.
210
Differential diagnosis
 A list of possible conditions
that fit the information (history, signs, symptoms, radiological, laboratory
and histopathological) derived from the patient
211
Differentiation
  The
distinguishing of one thing from another. Or It is the extent to which
neoplastic cells resemble their cell of origin.
212
Diffuse
 A term used to describe a
lesion whose borders are not well defined or demarcated and is not possible
to detect the exact parameters of the lesion.
213
Dilacerations
 A
developmental anomaly manifested as an abnormal bend or curve. More commonly
occurring in the root of a permanent tooth.
214
Diploid
 Having two sets of
chromosomes; the normal constitution of somatic cells.
215
Distodens
 An accessory
molar situated distally is called as distodens or distomolars.
216
Dominant
 A term often used in genetics.
It means a trait or characteristic that is manifested when it is carried by
only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
217
Donovan bodies
 Are the
inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of large mononuclear phagocyte in case of
infection with Granuloma Inguinale, a chronic granulomatous infection. These
bodies are tiny, elongated basophilic and arygrophilic rods and present in
large numbers.
218
Donovan bodies
 Are tiny elongated basophilic
and argyrophilic rods in the large mononuclear phagocytes in the
intracytoplamc cysts in Granuloma inguinale.
219
Doorthy Reed cell
 Are the
characteristic typically binucleated (owl eye nuclei) or multinucletated
(pennies on plate) with prominent nucleoli in Hodgkins lymphoma.
220
Dorsal
  Directed toward / situated on
the back surface (opposite of ventral).
221
Double lip
 A rare
developmental anomaly commonly characterized by a horizontal fold of
redundant mucosal tissue located on the inner aspect of the upper lip. May be
congenital or acquired.
222
Down syndrome
 A common chromosomal disorder
caused by the presence of an additional third chromosome in chromosome 21 and
presents mild to moderate mental retardation and associated medical and
dental problems.
223
Drug induced gingival hyperplasia
 Increased
amount of gingiva. Generalized increase in the fibrous component of the
gingiva in patients who have been taking long term doses of phenytoin,
cyclosporine and nifedipine. Persistent dental plaque, calculus (tartar) and
gingival irritation increase the severity of the hyperplasia.
224
Dry mouth
 Decreased saliva production.
Also called as xerostomia.
225
Dry socket
 A clinical
complication of traumatic tooth extraction. It occurs due to disintegration
or loss of the blood clot, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone
in the socket.
226
Dysplasia
  An abnormality of development
of any tissue. It is characterized by the loss of normal cellular
architecture. In epithelium it is characterized by a disorderly development.
Or  A non-neoplastic disorderly growth
usually in epithelium.
227
Dystrophic calcifications
 Ectopic
linear calcification within the pulp chamber of a tooth, the etiology of
which is unknown. 
228
Eagle syndrome
 Is an abnormal developmental
defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and or mineralization of
stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia and transient
syncope. Also known as carotid artery syndrome.
229
Eburnation of dentin
 An arrested
caries of occlusal surface which is large and lacks food retention causing
the superficially softened and decalcified dentin is burnished till it takes
up a hard brown polished surface.
230
Ecchymosis
 Large reddish-blue areas in
skin or mucous membrane caused by the escape of blood into the tissues, where
it clots. It is commonly referred to as a bruise. Ecchymoses do not blanch on
diascopy.
231
Ectodermal
 relates to
the outermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Ectodermal derived
structures include the skin, hair, nails, oral mucous membrane, and the
enamel of the teeth.
232
Ectodermal dysplasia
 Relates to a group of
inherited disorders where the ectodermal derivatives such as skin, sebaceous
glands, hair, enamel and nails are malformed.
233
Edema
 Abnormal
amounts of fluid in the intercellular spaces, resulting in visible swelling.
234
Edentulous
 The clinical absence of teeth.
235
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
 A group of
inherited disorder of connective tissue that result in an abnormal connective
tissue fibers especially collagen.
236
Embryonic
 Pertaining to the earliest
stage of development of an organism.
237
Emigration
 The passage
or white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of small blood vessels.
238
Enamel hypoplasia
 A defect in tooth enamel that
results in less quantity of enamel than normal.
239
Enamel pearl
 Ectopic
nodular deposits of enamel that primarily occur in the bifurcation or
trifurcation areas on the roots of molars.
240
Enanthems
 Eruptions of mucous membrane.
241
Endodermal
 Pertaining to
the innermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Endodermal
structures include the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract (except
the nose), and the digestive tract.
242
Entropion
 In chronic inflammatory
conditions of eye such as cicatrical pemphigoid, conjunctival vesicle heals
with scarring leading the eye lids to turn inwards. Such a condition is
referred as entropion.
243
Eosinophilic granuloma
 A
pathological condition that has single or multiple bone lesion without
visceral involvement, characterized by proliferation of histiocyte like
Langerhans cells often affecting children.
244
Epidermoid cyst
 Is a common cyst of skin with
a lumen lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, usually filled
with keratin and without skin appendages in the capsule wall.
245
Epidermolysis bullosa
 Refers to a
heterogeneous group of inherited blistering mucocutaneous disorders with a
defect in attachment mechanisms of epithelial cells, either to each other or
to the connective tissue.
246
Epithelial dysplasia
 A disorderly state of
epithelium differentiation process characterized by a combination of
individual cell and architectural alterations and is an indicator of the
potentially malignant state.
247
Epithelium
  The cellular
makeup of skin and mucous membranes.
248
Epstein’s pearls
 Uncommon superficial raised
nodules on the midline of the hard palate of infants that resolve without
treatment; derived from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of
keratin-producing epithelial lining.
249
Epulis fissuratum
 A reactive
lesion resulting in proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with an
associated chronic inflammation in response to chronic injury such as an ill
fitting denture.
250
Erosion
 The pathological wearing away
of hard tissues of teeth through the action of chemical substances. . Also in
histopathology refers to discontinuity or denudation of epithelium above the
basal cell layer.

  Posts

1 2 … 15
February 28th, 2014

Know your tool – Microscope

Image distance and object distance. With respect to the principal planes of a lens, the image-to-lens and object-to-lens distances, as […]
February 28th, 2014

Definitions in Microscopy

Diffraction grating. A transparent or reflective substrate containing an array of parallel lines having the form of alternating grooves and […]
February 21st, 2014

Inking the Specimen

INKING THE SPECIMEN ·         Various Water/organic fluids insoluable inks and colored powders can be used to mark critical points on […]
February 13th, 2014

Tissue Sampling Techniques – Small Biopsies & Triaging

Tissue Sampling Techniques – Small Biopsies & Triaging Most Important Steps • Patient identification – Identification on the requisition must […]
February 6th, 2014

GROSSING AND REPORTING OF ORAL PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

(Material Collected From various reliable sources- My role is just assembling facts for you. No intention of claiming this to […]
January 30th, 2014

Previous Year Question Papers of Various universities – For MDS – Oral Pathology

CONNECTIVE TISSUE STAINS 1.     Discuss the CT stains10 mks(RGUHS) 2.     Routine stains used in oral pathology-10 mks(RGUHS) 3.     Discuss stains […]
January 23rd, 2014

Previous years questions from various Indian Universities – for MDS in Oral Pathology

PULP AND PERIAPICAL INFECTIONS Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis- 10 mks Define and classify Osteomyelitis. Discuss in detail non- suppurative OM-10 mks […]
January 16th, 2014

Previous years questions from various Indian Universities – for MDS in Oral Pathology

MISCELLANEOUS IN ORAL PATHOLOGY 1.      Granulomatous infections of the oral cavity- 100 mks (MU) 2.      Oro- facial pain-10 mks 3.      […]
January 9th, 2014

Human Deciduous Mandibular Molar
January 9th, 2014

Previous years questions from various Indian Universities – for MDS in Oral Pathology

CONNECTIVE TISSUE NEOPLASMS 1.       Discuss the neoplastic lesions of bone of CT origin- 20 mks 2.      Classify nerve tissue tumours […]