|
No
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
251
|
Eruption cyst
|
An soft
tissue odontogenic cyst with the histologic features of a dentigerous cyst that surrounds a tooth’s crown that has erupted through bone but not soft tissue and is clinically visible as a soft fluctuant mass on the alveolar ridges. Also known as Eruption hematoma |
|
252
|
Eruption sequestrum
|
A small spicule of calcified
tissue (bone) that is extruded through the alveolar mucosa often that overlies an erupting molar. |
|
253
|
Erythema
|
Refers to an
abnormal redness. |
|
254
|
Erythematous
|
A change in the area of
pathology caused by a redness of the tissue due to engorgement of the capillaries in the region. Usually erythematous lesions blanch on diascopy. |
|
255
|
Erythroleukoplakia
|
Refers to a
reddish white, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter and cannot be attributed to any cause other than the use of tobacco, with reddish areas representing epithelial cells that are so immature that they can no longer produce keratin. |
|
256
|
Erythroplakia
|
Refers to reddish, raised,
unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter which cannot be attributed to any other cause other than the use of tobacco, the definition carrying no histopathological connotation. (Or ) A predominantly lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some leukoplakia will transform in to cancer. (Axell T, 1996) |
|
257
|
Esophageal webs
|
Refers to the
abnormal fibrosed bands of tissue in the esophagus in Plummer – Vinson syndrome leading to dysphagia. |
|
258
|
Etiology
|
The study of the factors that
cause disease and their introduction to the host. |
|
259
|
Ewing sarcoma
|
A rare
malignant bone neoplasm of uncertain cell origin in young patients, the lesion being composed of anaplastic small, dark, round cells containing glycogen granules and . intermediate filaments often exhibiting translocation t(1122)(q24,q12) |
|
260
|
Exanthems
|
Eruptions of skin accompanied
by inflammation. |
|
261
|
Exophytic
|
Refers to an
outwardly growing lesion. |
|
262
|
Exostoses or Exostosis
|
An exophytic nodular benign
growth of dense cortical bone commonly located on maxillary or mandibular buccal alveolar bone, usually in the bicuspid / molar area. |
|
263
|
Expansile
|
Refers to
the ability of a lesion of being extended or expanded. |
|
264
|
Expressivity
|
In clinical genetics, the
degree of clinical manifestation of a trait. |
|
265
|
Extrinsic stain
|
Superficial
stains on the external surface of teeth like tobacco, coffee, drugs etc., |
|
266
|
Exudate
|
Fluid composed of cells,
proteins, and solid materials that pass through vessel walls into adjoining tissues; may leak from incisions or sites of infection or inflammation to form a clot. |
|
267
|
Facial paralysis
|
Is an acute,
often unilateral paralysis of the facial musculature with no proven cause. |
|
268
|
Facies
|
The appearance of the face.
|
|
269
|
Fever
|
A
pathological elevation of body temperature to greater than the normal of 98.6°F (37°C). |
|
270
|
Fibrin
|
An insoluble protein that
plays a vital role in clotting mechanism of blood. |
|
271
|
Fibroepithelial polyp
|
A less common
fibrous hyperplasia of connective tissue occurring in the hard palate beneath a maxillary denture. It presents as a flattened pink mass attached to the palate with a stalk. |
|
272
|
Fibroma
|
A reactive hyperplasia of
fibrous connective tissue that evolves in response to chronic irritation in which there is extensive elaboration of collagen resembling scar tissue. |
|
273
|
Fibromatosis
|
Are a broad
group of fibrous proliferation with diffuse infiltrative proliferation of fibroblasts and mature collagen occurring within the soft tissues of the head and neck in young patients. Their biological behavior is between benign fibrous lesion and Fibrosarcoma. |
|
274
|
Fibro-osseous lesions
|
They comprise a diverse group
of processes that are characterized by replacement of normal bone by a fibrous connective tissue containing newly formed mineralized products that do not exactly resemble the tissue it replaces. |
|
275
|
Fibrosarcoma
|
Refers to the
malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic cells. |
|
276
|
Fibrous dysplasia
|
A developmental asymptomatic
regional alteration of fibro-osseous lesion of bone in which the normal architecture is replaced by fibrous tissue and nonfunctional trabeculae-like osseous structures; lesions may be monostotic or polyostotic, with or without associated endocrine disturbances. |
|
277
|
Fibrous histiocytoma or Dermatofibroma
|
They are a
diverse group of soft tissue benign tumors that exhibit both fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation. |
|
278
|
Field cancerization
|
The tendency of oral cancer to
develop multiple mucosal cancers as primary and reflects the effect of diffuse exposure to local carcinogens that increases the malignant transformation potential of all exposed epithelial cells. |
|
279
|
Firm
|
Relatively
solid, compact, or unyielding to pressure or touch. |
|
280
|
Fissural cysts
|
Originally believed to arise
from cystic degeneration of epithelium remnants entrapped along lines of fusion of embryonic growth processes. |
|
281
|
Fissure
|
A narrow slit
or cleft. |
|
282
|
Fissure tongue
|
A developmental anomaly of
tongue observed as deep grooves in dorsum of tongue which cause no adverse consequences other than being a collection site for food debris and colonization site for Candida albicans. Caused by improper fusion of the lateral swellings. |
|
283
|
Fistula
|
A drainage
pathway or abnormal communication between two epithelium-lined surfaces due to destruction of the intervening tissue. |
|
284
|
Fistula, congenital of lower lip
|
Are rare congenital
invaginations of the lower lip that arises from persistence of the lateral sulci on the mandibular arch. |
|
285
|
Fistula, oroantral
|
Is a fistula
connecting the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity formed usually as a complication of a extraction of upper molar. |
|
286
|
Fluctuant
|
A wavelike motion felt on
palpating a cavity with non-rigid walls, especially one containing fluid. |
|
287
|
Fluoride mottling
|
A condition
of enamel hypoplasia characterized by white chalky spots or brown staining and pitting of teeth due to an increased ingestion of fluoride affecting enamel matrix formation and calcification by impairment of ameloblastic function. |
|
288
|
Fluorosis
|
An enamel defect resulting
from ingestion of fluoride in excessive quantities. It causes permanent hypomaturation of the enamel with increased surface and sub- surface porosities. |
|
289
|
Foam cells
|
Are lipid
laden phagocytes that appear as empty in H&E section as lipids are lost during processing. The presence of foam cell with macrophage and numerous inflammatory cells in the vincity indicates that there is foreign body reaction present. |
|
290
|
Focal epithelial hyperplasia
|
Is a virus induced, multiple,
soft non-tender, flattened plaques and papules that are localized proliferation of oral squamous epithelium affecting children. |
|
291
|
Focal osteitis
|
Also known as
dry socket. A complication of traumatic tooth extraction, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the socket, due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot. |
|
292
|
Follicular cyst
|
Also known as dentigeous
cyst. A common developmental type of odontogenic cyst associated with unerupted teeth and is caused by fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and the enamel surface, resulting in a cyst in which the crown is located within the lumen and root(s) outside. |
|
293
|
Forchheimer’s sign
|
Oral lesions
of Rubella. They consist of small, discrete, dark red papules usually found in soft palate and rarely in hard palate. These papules coincide with the appearance of exanthematous rashes of the skin. |
|
294
|
Fordyces granules
|
They are collection of ectopic
sebaceous glands that occur in various locations within the oral cavity. |
|
295
|
Foreign body granuloma
|
A granuloma
reaction to foreign materials in the connective tissue which are too large to be ingested by either host defense cells. |
|
296
|
Fourniers molars
|
See mulberry molars
|
|
297
|
Frenal tag
|
A redundant
piece of mucosal tissue that projects from the maxillary labial frenum. |
|
298
|
Frictional keratosis
|
A nonspecific, trauma induced
whitish unscrappable hyperkeratotic lesion. |
|
299
|
Fusion
|
Is defined as
a single enlarged tooth or a two joined teeth in which the tooth count reveals a missing tooth when the anomalous tooth is counted as one. |
|
300
|
Gardner syndrome
|
A rare autosomal dominant
disease characterized by gastrointestinal adenomatous polyps, multiple osteomas and soft tissue tumors such as cutaneous epidermoid cysts and fibromas. |
|
301
|
Gargoyle cell
|
In Gauchers
disease, a most common lipid reticuloendotheliases caused by a lack of enzyme glucocerebrodiase resulting in accumulation of glucocereamide within lysosomes of the cells of macrophage or monocyte lineage and the cytoplasm resembles a wrinkled silk appearance is called the Gargoyle cell. |
|
302
|
Garrè osteomyelitis
|
An unusual reaction of the
periosteum to a chronic inflammation usually in the posterior mandible of young patients as a periosteal hyperplasia demonstrating an onion skin like reduplication of cortical plates. |
|
303
|
Gaucher’s disease
|
The most
common lipid reticuloendotheliases caused by a lack of enzyme glucocerebrodiase resulting in accumulation of glucocereamide within lysosomes of the cells of macrophage or monocyte lineage and the cytoplasm resembles a wrinkled silk appearance. |
|
304
|
Gemination
|
Is a single tooth germ splits
completely or partially, forming two separate crowns. Also defined as a single enlarged developmental anomalous tooth in which the tooth count is normal when the anomalous tooth is counted as one. The tooth usually has a single root and root canal; also called twinning. |
|
305
|
Genetic heterogeneity
|
Having more
than one inheritance pattern. |
|
306
|
Geographic tongue
|
Is a common anomaly of tongue
with unknown etiopathogenesis that presents as multiple, sensitive, irregularly shaped erythematous patches on the tongue with arcuate white rims that enlarge and change shape daily. |
|
307
|
Ghost cells
|
They are the
altered epithelial cells which are eosinophilic, with absence of nuclei but retaining the basic cell outline within the epithelial component of calcifying odontogenic cyst. |
|
308
|
Ghost teeth
|
A localized, nonhereditary,
developmental anomaly affecting the one or several adjacent teeth in which the enamel and dentin are thin and irregular and fail to adequately mineralize; surrounding soft tissue is hyperplastic and contains focal accumulations of spherical calcifications and odontogenic cell rests. |
|
309
|
Gingival cyst of the adult
|
A small
developmental odontogenic cyst of the gingival soft tissue derived from the rests of the dental lamina, containing a lining of embryonic epithelium of cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings similar to the lateral periodontal cyst. |
|
310
|
Gingival cyst of the newborn
|
Uncommon superficial raised
nodules on edentulous alveolar ridges of infants that resolve without treatment, derived from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining. |
|
311
|
Globulomaxillary cyst
|
A
developmental fissural cyst that arises from epithelium entrapped during fusion of the globular portion of medial nasal process with maxilla, commonly arising between maxillary lateral incisor and the canine with inverted pear shaped radiolucency. [ The origin is now considered as odontogenic cyst than a fissural cyst] |
|
312
|
Glossodynia
|
Or Glossopyrosis
|
|
313
|
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
|
Is the
neuralgia of the ninth cranial nerve with sharp intense lancinating pain with abrupt onset and short duration along the area of innervation by the ninth cranial nerve. |
|
314
|
Glossopyrosis
|
Refers to a painful or tender or burning sensation of tongue with
uncertain causes that includes infections, malnutrition, deficiency status ,underlying endocrine disturbances etc |
|
315
|
Gorlin cyst
|
A rare,
well-circumscribed, solid or cystic lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium that superficially resembles follicular ameloblastoma but contains “ghost cells” and spherical calcifications. |
|
316
|
Gorlin sign
|
Is the ability of a subject to
touch the tip of the nose wit the tip of the tongue. Although a common ability it is most commonly observed in patients with Ehler-Danlos syndrome. |
|
317
|
Graft Versus Host disease
|
It occurs in
recipients of allogenic bone marrow transplants. With the failure of immunosupression or the graft being immunologically active they are perceived as foreign body and resulting in a debilitating immunologicalreaction called Graft Versus Host disease. |
|
318
|
Granular cell tumor
|
Refers to a submucosal mass
consisting of diffuse sheets of large cells of either nerve or muscle origin with a cytoplasm of densely packed eosinophilic granules (lysosomal bodies) and commonly found in the dorsal surface of the tongue. |
|
319
|
Granuloma
|
It refers to
a mass of inflammatory tissue consisting of a central collection of macrophages, often with multinucleated giant cells, surrounded by lymphocytes. The lesion is essentially a reactive one with vascular proliferation and a peripheral fibrous tissue to localize the reaction. |
|
320
|
Granulomatous
|
It refers to a well-defined
area that has developed as a reaction to the presence of living organisms or a foreign body. The tissues consist primarily of histiocytes and the presence of epitheioid cells. |
|
321
|
Gumma
|
The scattered
foci of granulomatous inflammation presenting as an indurated, nodular, ulcerated lesion often associated with tissue destruction in tertiary syphilis is gumma. |
|
322
|
Haemangioendothelioma
|
Is a term used to describe
vascular tumors with microscopic features intermediate between those of Hemangiomas and angiosarcomas. |
|
323
|
Hairy tongue
|
Refers to
the developmental abnormality of tongue with marked accumulation of keratin on the filiform papillae of the dorsum tongue resulting in hairy appearance and discoloration of the tongue |
|
324
|
Halo nevus
|
Is a type of melanocytic nevus
that has a pale hypopigmented border probably as a result of the nevus cell destruction by the immune system . |
|
325
|
Hamartoma
|
A
non-neoplastic malformation that present as a mass of disorganized tissues indigenous to that particular site. |
|
326
|
Hamartoma
|
Is a developmental tumor like
but non neoplastic developmental malformation native with that area of body in which it is formed. Often present at birth, growth persists till physiologic growth stops and essentially benign. |
|
327
|
Hand –Schuller- Christian disease
|
A chronic
disseminated form of langerhans cell disease involving bone, skin and viscera, characterized by proliferation of histiocyte like Langerhans cells often affecting children. |
|
328
|
Hansen disease
|
Is the other name of leprosy
caused by M. leprae. |
|
329
|
Haploid
|
A cell with
a single set of chromosomes, like a gamete. |
|
330
|
Heck’s disease
|
See Focal epithelial
hyperplasia |
|
331
|
Hemangioma
|
A benign
proliferation of large (cavernous) or small (capillary) vascular channels occurring commonly in children with individual lesions having variable clinical courses. |
|
332
|
Hemangiopericytoma
|
Is a rare, slow growing,
painless, benign neoplasm that is derived from the cells whose processes encircle the endothelial cells of capillaries seen most commonly in adults. The stag horn appearance is observed in histopathology. |
|
333
|
Hematoma
|
A large
ecchymosis or bruise caused by the escape of blood into the extra vascular tissues. Hematomas are blue on the skin and red on the mucous membranes. As hematomas resolve they may turn brown, green, or yellow. |
|
334
|
Hemifacial atrophy
|
Or Romberg syndrome/Parry
Romberg syndrome. An uncommon developmental degenerative condition characterized by atrophic changes affecting one side of face. The cause for this condition is obscure |
|
335
|
Hemifacial hyperplasia Or Hemifacial hypertrophy
|
A rare
developmental anomaly characterized by unilateral enlargement of the body. It is usually more of hyperplasia than hypertrophy. |
|
336
|
Hemolysis
|
The term refers to the
disintegration of elements in the blood. A common form of hemolysis occurs during anemia and involves lysis or the dissolution of red blood cells. |
|
337
|
Hemophilia
|
Refers to a
variety of bleeding disorders associated with a deficiency (usually genetic) of any one of the clotting factors of blood. |
|
338
|
Hepatomegaly
|
Enlargement of the liver.
|
|
339
|
Hereditary
|
Transmitted
or transmissible from parent to offspring; determined genetically. |
|
340
|
Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
|
A rare autosomal dominant
inherited genodermatosis showing thick white corrugated white plaques in buccal mucosa in childhood. Additionally ocular involvement is common. |
|
341
|
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
|
Is a slowly
progressive gingival enlargement caused by the collagenous overgrowth of the gingival fibrous connective tissue. Often occurs with syndromes and associated with hypertrichosis, craniofacial deformities, epilepsy and mental retardation. |
|
342
|
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
|
Is an uncommon mucocutaneous
disorder, inherited as a autosomal dominant trait, with numerous vascular abnormalities, the most common being small collections of dilated capillaries (telangiectasia) |
|
343
|
Herpes gladiatorium
|
The herpes
virus infection spread through contact sports such as rugby, wrestlers, contaminating through areas of abrasion. |
|
344
|
Herpes labialis
|
The recurrent form of the
herpes simplex virus 1 along the vermillion border and adjacent skin of the lips. Also known as cold sore or fever blister. |
|
345
|
Herpes zoster
|
The painful
reactivation of the varicella zoster virus that has resided in the dorsal spinal ganglia, along the distribution of the affected sensory nerve forms clusters of vesicles on an erythematous base is referred as herpes zoster. |
|
346
|
Herpetic paronychia or Herpetic whitlow
|
A less common site of
infections of the human simplex virus -1 along the thumbs or fingers. |
|
347
|
Heterozygote
|
An individual
with two different genes at the allele loci. |
|
348
|
Histicytosis X
|
A probable neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans type of histiocytic
cells with a wide spectrum of biological behavior ranging from a single lesion of the mandible to diffusely distributed bone lesions in combination with organ and other soft tissue lesions; consists of S-100 positive histiocytes containing Birbeck granules and accumulations of eosinophils. |
|
349
|
Homozygote
|
An individual
having identical gees at the allele loci. |
|
350
|
Hormone
|
A chemical substance produced
in the body that has a specific regulatory effect on certain cells or a certain organ or organs. |
|
351
|
Howell – Jolly bodies
|
A red blood
cell abnormal feature observed in peripheral smear of pernicious anemia. |
|
352
|
Humoral immunity
|
Immunity in which antibodies
play the predominant role. |
|
353
|
Hurler cell
|
See Gargoyle
cell |
|
354
|
Hutchinson’s freckle Or Lentigo maligna
|
Occurs mostly on sun exposed
surface area of elderly persons and represents a melanoma in purely radial growth phase. |
|
355
|
Hutchinson’s incisors
|
Screwdriver-shaped central incisors seen in
congenital syphilis. |
|
356
|
Hyerplastic gingivitis
|
Focal or generalized fibrous
hyperplasia of the marginal gingiva with an associated chronic inflammatory response. |
|
357
|
Hypercementosis
|
Excessive
deposit of cementum on root surface. |
|
358
|
Hyperchromatic
|
Staining more intensely on
comparison with normal. Inflammatory cells staining are taken as the standard. |
|
359
|
Hyperdontia
|
A condition
characterized by extra teeth in supplement to the normal set of teeth. |
|
360
|
Hyperkeratosis
|
Excessively thickened layer of
the stratum corneum. A feature of epithelial dysplasia. |
|
361
|
Hyperpigmentation
|
Refers to
excessive melanin pigmentation. Multiple causes including postinflammatory, smoking, drugs etc. |
|
362
|
Hyperplasia
|
An increase in the size of a
tissue or organ due to an increase in the number of constituent cells. |
|
363
|
Hypertrophy
|
An increase
in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of constituent cells. |
|
364
|
Hypocalcification
|
Less than normal amount of
calcification. |
|
365
|
Hypochromic Stained less intensely on comparison
with normal. Inflammatory cells staining are taken as the standard. |
|
|
366
|
Hypodontia
|
The congenital absence of one
or more (But less than 6) teeth as a result of agenesis. |
|
367
|
Hypophosphatasia
|
An
osteodystrophy with genetic metabolic disorder of bone mineralization caused by a deficiency in alkaline phosphatase in serum and tissues. The condition is characterized by skeletal defects resembling those of rickets. |
|
368
|
Hypophosphatemia
|
Deficiency of phosphates in
the blood. |
|
369
|
Hypopigmentation
|
Decrease in
pigment production as compared to the adjacent normal tissue. |
|
370
|
Hypoplasia
|
Reduction in size of tissue
due to a lesser number of cells. May be physiology or pathology. |
|
371
|
Hypotrophy
|
Decrease or
reduction in size of cell in a tissue or organ. |
|
372
|
Idiopathic bone cavity
|
Or simple bone cyst results
due to a trauma to bone that is insufficient to cause fracture resulting in an intraosseous haematoma which does not undergo organization but liquefies to form a cyst. |
|
373
|
Immune complex
|
A combined
product of antibody and antigen. |
|
374
|
Immune reaction
|
A protective response of the
host to a specific invading pathogen or toxins secreted by it. |
|
375
|
Immunodeficiency
|
A deficiency
of the immune response caused by quantitative or qualitative defect of the lymphoid cells. |
|
376
|
Immunoglobulin
|
Or Antibody. Are proteins synthesized by plasma cells in
response to a specific antigenic stimulus. They are important for humoral immune system. |
|
377
|
Impacted teeth
|
Those teeth
that are formed but cannot erupt in to oral cavity because of a physical obstruction or lack of space. |
|
378
|
Impetigo
|
A superficial infection of
skin occurring in endemic among children and caused by Sterptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus. The disease manifest as a vesicle or bullae that rupture with a crusting. |
|
379
|
Incisive canal cyst or nasopalatine duct cyst
|
An
intraosseous developmental cyst of the midline of the anterior palate, derived from the islands of epithelium remaining after closure of the embryonic nasopalatine duct. Appears as a heart shaped radiolucency between roots of maxillary incisors. |
|
380
|
Incontinentia pigmenti
|
A rare inherited
genodermatoses with female predilection and has a high risk of malignancy occurring in infancy. May present as a vesicular, verrucous, hyperpigmentation and or atrophic stage. |
|
381
|
Induration
|
Characterized
by being hard; an abnormally hard portion of a tissue with respect to the surrounding similar tissue.. Often used to describe the feel of locally invasive malignant tissue on palpation. |
|
382
|
Infection
|
Invasion by pathogenic
microorganisms causing disease by local cellular injury, secretion of a toxin, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host. |
|
383
|
Infectious mononucleosis
|
Is a
symptomatic disease caused by Epstein Barr Virus, spread by intimate contact producing low grade fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and rarely hepatosplenomegaly. |
|
384
|
Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia
|
An asymptomatic reactive
proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with an associated chronic inflammation in response to chronic injury such as ill fitting denture. |
|
385
|
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
|
A reactive
tissue growth often associated with a denture that is poorly maintained and worn always. |
|
386
|
Inflammatory reaction
|
A defense mechanism to an
invading pathogen or toxins which includes repair and destruction; prepares tissue for healing and controls spread of infection. |
|
387
|
Intradermal nevus
|
In latter
stages of compound nevus, the nevus cells are restricted to underlying connective tissue of skin after which the pigmentation is reduced, surface becoming papillomatous with hairs appearing from centre of the lesion. |
|
388
|
Intraductal papilloma
|
An ill defined salivary gland
tumor common in adults as a unicystic, dilated structure submucosally with papillary projections in to the lumen of the duct. |
|
389
|
Intramucosal nevus
|
The pigmented
nevus is characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the underlying connective tissue. Mucosal counterpart of intradermal nevus. |
|
390
|
Intrinsic stain
|
Deeply formed stains in the
inner layers of the dentin and pulp. |
|
391
|
Invasion
|
The
infiltration and active destruction of surrounding tissues. |
|
392
|
Inverted ductal papilloma
|
A rare minor salivary gland
tumor presenting as a asymptomatic nodule that is made up of proliferation of squamoid epithelium with multiple bulbous papillary projection that fill the lumen. |
|
393
|
Involcrum
|
New reactive
bone formation by the periosteum, usually in cases of osteomyelitis. |
|
394
|
Iron deficiency anemia
|
Is the most common cause of
anemia which forms when the supply of iron by the body cannot keep with the pace of need for iron in the production of red blood cells. The erythrocyte appears as hypochromic and microcytic in nature. |
|
395
|
Irreversible pulpitis
|
A severe
inflammation of pulp, progresses from reversible pulpitis, that cannot be restored to its original constituents nor repairable. |
|
396
|
Irritation fibroma
|
A reactive hyperplasia of
fibrous connective tissue that evolves in response to chronic irritation (ill fitting denture, sharp teeth) in which there is extensive elaboration of collagen resembling scar tissue. |
|
397
|
Ischemia
|
A deficiency
of nutrition and oxygen to a part of the body usually due to constriction or blockage of a blood vessel. |
|
398
|
Jaffe-Lichtenstein syndrome
|
A syndrome characterized by
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the skeletal system and cafe-au-lait spots. |
|
399
|
Jaundice
|
A diseased
condition of the liver due to the presence of bile pigments in the blood and characterized by yellowish staining of the eyes, skin and body fluids. |
|
400
|
Junctional nevus
|
The pigmented acquired nevus
that is characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the basal cell layer of the surface epithelium, named because microscopically appears at the junction of epithelium and connective tissues. |
|
401
|
Juxta organ of Chevitz
|
Is a cluster
of nests of squamous epithelial cells found in sites of inferior alveolar nerve block and intimately associated with myelinated nerves. |
|
402
|
Kaposi sarcoma
|
A unique form of angiosarcoma
that occurs in elderly and HIV-positive patients and has a predilection for the palate, associated with Human Herpes virus -8. |
|
403
|
Karyotype
|
A
photomicrographic representation of a person’s chromosomal constitution arranged according to the Denver classification. |
|
404
|
Keratoacanthoma
|
A benign, self limiting,
endophytic epithelial growth appearing as a well circumscribed keratin-filled crater on sun-exposed skin; often mistaken for well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. |
|
405
|
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
|
The chronic,
systemic autoimmune disorder that principally involves the salivary, lacrimal and eyes is the Sjogren’s syndrome. The effect of such a condition on eye is keratoconjunctivitis sicca. |
|
406
|
Keratotic
|
A condition of the skin
characterized by the presence of increased keratin growths. On the oral mucous membrane, keratotic tissue usually looks white; the term also refers to a thickening of the outer layer of the oral epithelium. |
|
407
|
Kissing lesion
|
The central
papillary atrophy of tongue is an chronic low grade candidiasis, from which the infection spreads to the palate when the tongue is at res due to the intimate contact. |
|
408
|
Kissisng disease
|
See Infectious Mononucleosis
|
|
409
|
Klestadt cyst
|
A
developmental cyst of the soft tissue of the anterior muco-buccal fold beneath the ala of the nose, most likely derived from remnants of the inferior portion of the nasolacrimal duct. |
|
410
|
Koilionychia
|
The spoon shaped nails seen
often in cases of severe anemia. |
|
411
|
Koplik’s spot
|
The oral
manifestation of measles that develop in the early course of the disease occurring as multiple ares of mucosal eerythema within which are areas of numerous small bluish white macule. These represent focal areas of necrosis. |
|
412
|
Kveim test
|
It is a skin test for
sarcoidosis where a sterile suspension of human sarcoid tissue is injected intradermally and a paponodular lesion develop at the site with in 4 to 6 weeks in cases of positive individuals. |
|
413
|
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
|
See
histicytosis X. |
|
414
|
Lateral
|
Situated at the side.
|
|
415
|
Lateral periodontal cyst
|
A rare,
slow-growing, non-expansile developmental odontogenic cyst derived from one or more rests of the dental lamina, containing an embryonic lining of 1 to 3 Cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings or plaques. |
|
416
|
LE cell
|
A cell that is a
characteristic of lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. It is a mature neutrophil that has phagocytized a spherical inclusion derived from another neutrophil. |
|
417
|
Leiomyoma
|
Benign
neoplasm of smooth muscles. In oral cavity they arise from the vascular smooth muscle. |
|
418
|
Leiomyosarcoma
|
Are malignant neoplasm of
smooth muscles. |
|
419
|
Lentigo maligna melanoma
|
Slowly
evolving melanoma that develops within a pre-existing pigmented lesion on the sun-exposed skin of elderly patients. |
|
420
|
Lepra cell
|
In histopathology of a
lepromatous leprosy lesion, sheets of lymphocytes intermixed with vacuolated histiocytes called leprae cells. |
|
421
|
Leser- trelat sign
|
The sudden
appearance of numerous seborrheic keratoses with pruritis associated with an internal malignancy is known as the Leser- trelat sign. |
|
422
|
Lesion
|
A site of structural in body
tissues that is produced by disease or injury. |
|
423
|
Letterer- Siwe disease
|
An acute
disseminated disease with prominent cutaneous, visceral and bone marrow involvement of Langerhans cell disease primarily occurring in infants. |
|
424
|
Leukemia
|
Represents several types of
malignancies of haematopoietic stem cell derivation. |
|
425
|
Leukocytosis
|
A temporary
increase in the number of white blood cells circulating in blood. |
|
426
|
Leukodema
|
A common, bilateral
developmental anomaly of buccal mucosa of unknown cause characterized by a diffuse grayish white opalescent appearance of mucosa that disappears on stretching with a striking intracellular edema of the spinous cell layer. |
|
427
|
Leukoplakia
|
Refers to
greyishwhite, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter which cannot be attributed to any other cause other than the use of tobacco, the definition carrying no histopathological connotation. (Or) A predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some leukoplakia will transform in to cancer. (Axell T, 1996) |
|
428
|
Lichen planus
|
A common, bilateral,
mucocutaneous disease where it presents as either white reticular, plaque, or erosive lesions with a prominent T lymphocyte response in the immediate underlying connective tissue. (Clinical; Histopathological) |
|
429
|
Lichenoid eruptions
|
A common
unilateral, mucocutaneous disease where it presents as either white reticular, plaque, or erosive lesions with a prominent T lymphocyte response in the immediate underlying connective tissue caused by an abnormal immunological reaction and clinically resembling lichen planus. |
|
430
|
Linea Alba
|
A soft linear streak of hyper
keratinized reactive tissue on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal line. The line may be formed by irritation from rough buccal cusps, bruxism or habitual clenching of teeth. |
|
431
|
Linear gingival erythema
|
A thin narrow
band of reddish along the free gingival margin commonly observed in HIV infected individuals. |
|
432
|
Lingual mandibular salivary gland depression
|
See Stafne’s cyst.
|
|
433
|
Lingual thyroid nodule
|
A common
developmental abnormality of tongue in which there is an accessory accumulation of thyroid tissue that is usually functional within the body of the posterior tongue. |
|
434
|
Lingual varicosities
|
See Varicoses.
|
|
435
|
Lip pits
|
An autosomal
dominant trait resulting in developmental defects of lip involving the paramedial portion of the vermilion of the lower and upper lip or the labial commissure area. |
|
436
|
Lipid
|
Fat or fatty; a naturally
occurring substance made up of fatty acids. |
|
437
|
Lipid endoreticulotheliosis or Lipoid proteinosis
|
Are
relatively rare group of inherited storage disorders resulting in lack of certain enzymes necessary for processing specific lipids resulting in accumulation of lipids within a variety of cells. |
|
438
|
Lipoma
|
A benign neoplasm of normal
fat cells that appears as a soft, movable swelling, often with a slight yellowish coloration. |
|
439
|
Liposarcoma
|
A rare,
malignant neoplasm composed of a wide spectrum of histologic patterns of the fat cells. |
|
440
|
Lisch nodules
|
A translucent brown pigmented
spots on iris seen in Neurofibroma. |
|
441
|
Lobulated
|
Made up of
lobules, which are smaller divisions of lobes as seen in brain, lung, and salivary glands. Some pathologic lesions are described as lobulated when the lesion is divided into smaller parts. |
|
442
|
Local
|
Confined to a limited part,
not general or systemic. |
|
443
|
Ludwig angina
|
Is a
cellulitis involving submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces leading to difficulty in breathing. |
|
444
|
Lues
|
See syphilis.
|
|
445
|
Lues maligna
|
In the
presence of compromised immune system, secondary syphilis exhibits an explosive and widespread form of syphilis with formation of necrotic ulcer. |
|
446
|
Luetic glossitis
|
Diffuse atrophy and loss of
dorsal tongue papillae in a diffusely enlarged lobulated and irregularly shaped tongue observed in syphilis. |
|
447
|
Lupus erythematosus
|
Is an
immunologically mediated multisystemic disease often involving skin, kidney and cardiac complications. |
|
448
|
Lupus vulgaris
|
Refers to the tuberculosis of
skin. |
|
449
|
Lyell’s disease
|
See TEN
|
|
450
|
Lymphadenopathy
|
An enlarged lymph node due to
an infection or a disease process or a neoplastic process in the area drained by the lymph node. |
|
451
|
Lymphangioma
|
A
developmental anomaly of lymphatic vessels with a benign proliferation of lymphatic vessels that occurs as a focal superficial lesion within the oral cavity and as a massive diffuse lesion of the neck like cystic hygroma. |
|
452
|
Lymphoblastic
|
Pertaining to a cell of the
lymphocytic series |
|
453
|
Lymphocyte.
|
A variety of leukocyte or white blood cell that is
important to the immune response and that arises in the lymph nodes. Lymphocytes can be large or small, and are round, non-granular, and classified as either T- or B-lymphocytes |
|
454
|
Lymphoepithelial cyst
|
A cyst with a lumen lined by a
keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and a capsule containing multiple normal lymphoid follicles and a dense accumulation of normal lymphocytes. |
|
455
|
Lymphoid tissue
|
Tissue
composed of lymphocytes supported by a meshwork of connective tissue. |
|
456
|
Lymphoma
|
Is a malignant disease of
lymphoid system. |
|
457
|
Macrodontia
|
Large teeth
as compared to normal. |
|
458
|
Macroglossia
|
A developmental or acquired
disorder where the tongue is larger than normal. |
|
459
|
Macrognathia
|
Large jaws as
compared to normal. |
|
460
|
Macrophage
|
A large, mononuclear phagocyte
derived from monocytes. Macrophages become mobile when stimulated by inflammation and interact with lymphocytes in an immune response. |
|
461
|
Macrostomia
|
An increase
in the width of the mouth, resulting from failure of union of the maxillary and mandibular processes, with extension of the oral orifice toward the ear. |
|
462
|
Macule
|
A focal area of color change
that is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue e.g. Freckles. |
|
463
|
Malaise
|
A symptom
that describes a feeling of uneasiness, discomfort, or indisposition. |
|
464
|
Malignant
|
A neoplastic growth that
grows rapidly, and can readily metastasize. |
|
465
|
Malignant ameloblastoma A type of ameloblastoma
which has metastasized. |
|
|
466
|
Malignant potential
|
Is the risk of cancer being
present in a potentially malignant state, either at initial diagnosis or in future and expressed in percentages. |
|
467
|
Mandibular lingual cortical defect
|
See Stafne
cyst |
|
468
|
Marble bone disease
|
See Osteopetrosis
|
|
469
|
Margination
|
A
physiological phenomenon that occurs during the early phases of inflammation in which white blood cells tend to occupy the periphery of the blood vessels and adhere to endothelial cells that line the vessels. |
|
470
|
Mastication
|
Chewing.
|
|
471
|
McCune-Albright syndrome
|
A syndrome
characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the skeletal system, cafe-au-lait spots, and endocrine dysfunction. |
|
472
|
Median mandibular cyst
|
A rare, developmental
fissural cyst of questionable origin in the anterior midline of mandible arising from epithelium entrapped within the mandible during its fusion in embryonic life. |
|
473
|
Median rhomboid glossitis
|
See central
papillary atrophy of tongue. |
|
474
|
Meiosis
|
The two-step cellular division
of the original germ cells, which reduces the chromosomes to haploid. |
|
475
|
Melanoma
|
A common
malignant neoplasm of melanocytes occurring on skin and mucosal surfaces that commonly have a radial and superficial initial growth period before it extends into the deeper underlying tissues and metastasizes. |
|
476
|
Melanosis
|
Disorder of increased melanin
pigmentation that develops without preceding inflammatory disease; condition characterized by abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin). |
|
477
|
Melanotic macules
|
A small,
flat, brown areas of the mucosal surfaces caused by an increase in the production of melanin granules but not in the number of melanocytes due to physiologic or reactive cause. |
|
478
|
Mesenchymal
|
The meshwork of embryonic
connective tissue in the mesoderm that gives rise to the connective tissue of the body, blood vessels, and lymph vessels. |
|
479
|
Mesial
|
Toward the
midline. |
|
480
|
Mesiodens
|
A supernumerary tooth between
the maxillary central incisors. |
|
481
|
Metaplasia
|
Is a
reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another type. Or One form of epithelial cell changing to another due to various causes. Example Ciliated respiratory epithelium becoming stratified in case of smokers. |
|
482
|
Metastasis
|
The spread of neoplastic cells
to parts of the body remote from the primary tumor and the establishment of new tumors in those sites via blood, lymph, direct seeding. |
|
483
|
Metastasize
|
To spread or
travel from one part of the body to another. |
|
484
|
Metastatic tumor
|
A tumor formed by cells that
have been transported from the primary tumor to a site not connected to the primary tumor. |
|
485
|
Microcyte
|
A red blood
cell that is smaller than normal. |
|
486
|
Microdontia
|
Teeth that is considerably
smaller than normal. |
|
487
|
Microglossia
|
Tongue that
is considerably smaller than normal. |
|
488
|
Microstomia
|
Jaws that is considerably
smaller than normal. |
|
489
|
Midline lethal granuloma
|
A rare
pathological process that is characterized clinically by aggressive destruction of the midline structures of palate and nasal fossa. Has been now classified as a type of lymphoma. |
|
490
|
Mikulicz’s disease
|
A bilateral painless swelling
of the lacrimal and salivary glands with an intense lymphocytic infiltrate, with destruction of acini and ductal cells becoming hyperplastic. |
|
491
|
Miller’s liquefaction foci
|
Are formed by
focal coalescence and breakdown of few dentinal tubules in dental caries and liquefaction focus is an ovoid area of destruction parallel to course of dentinal tubule filled with necrotic debris that increases by expansion. This expansion compresses and distorts the normal dentinal tubules. |
|
492
|
Miller’s theory
|
See acidogenic theory
|
|
493
|
Mitosis
|
The way in
which somatic cells divide so that the two daughter cells receive the same number of identical chromosomes. The process that is responsible for growth. |
|
494
|
Mitotic figure
|
Dividing cells caught in the
process of mitosis. |
|
495
|
Mixed tumor
|
See
pleomorphic adenoma |
|
496
|
Molluscum bodies
|
In infection with a DNA pox
group of virus, molluscum contagiosum, the central portion in lobule is filled with bloated keratinocytes that contain large, intranuclear, basophilic viral inclusion called molluscum bodies. |
|
497
|
Molluscum contagiosum
|
A DNA pox
virus induced epithelial hyperplasia that presents as numerous papules that contain basophilic inclusion bodies called molluscum bodies. The lesion is more common in children and immunocompromised. |
|
498
|
Morsicatio buccarum and linguaraum
|
A common reactive lesion
arising due to chronic chewing of buccal mucosa (buccarum) and lingual (linguarum) appearing as thick, irregular, shredded white patch often with zones of erythema or bleeding. May reflect a sharp teeth or a stressful condition. |
|
499
|
Mucocele
|
Is a common
salivary gland cyst resulting from rupture of a salivary gland duct and spillage of mucin in to adjacent tissues. |
|
500
|
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
|
A common salivary gland
malignancy with a variable biological potential, is made up of mucous producing acinar cells, epidermoid cells and intermediate cells. |
Prof. Rooban Thavarajah
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologist
List