Oral mucous membrane
Non keratinocytes: What are non keratinocytes – examples – difference between keratinocytes and nonkeratinocytes – morphology, location and functions of each – Appearance in H & E – diagram.
Functions of dento gingival junctions: What is dento gingival junction – development – Nasmyth’s membrane – attatchment epithelium – other name – appearance, properties , rate of turn over width – epithelial attachment – shift of dentogingival junction – functions – clinical importance – Diagram.
Functions of basal cell layer of oral epithelium: Structure of oral epithelium – arrangement – diagram – types of basal cell present –other name – organelles of the cells – mode of attachment between cell and connective tissue – Functions – diagram.
Lining mucosa: Other name – classified under – location –unique features – differences compared to keratinized mucosa – adjacent structures in various locations (glands, taste buds, adipose tissue etc)
Describe microscopic and histological section of human gingiva with special reference to epithelial attachment: Gingiva – Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteritics – histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—lamina propria – gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres – – –function & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram. Epithelial attachment – – other name – histology – layers – appearance, properties , rate of turnover, width – physiological importance – clinical implications
Classify oral mucosa. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of gingiva: Classification based on function – keratinisation, Gingiva – Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, color, parts of gingiva and their characteristics – histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—lamina propria – gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres – – –function & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram.
Basal lamina: Ultra structural name of ? – Lamina lucida—lamina densa – width – composition – function – clinical implications – Diagram.
Epithelium of gingiva: Macroscopic appearance – Histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—pigments present – Diagram.
Classify oral mucosa. Describe microscopic and macroscopic features of palatal mucosa: Classification based on function – keratinisation and location. Palatal mucosa – macroscopic features – hard and soft – adaptation – attachment – zones in hard palate – lamina propria—microscopic features – describe the layers of keratinised epithelium.
Gingival fibres: Gingiva – lamina propria – Gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres – –function, location & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram.
Epithelial cell rests: What are cell rests? – origin – types – Serrae — Malassez – how they are formed? Note on dental lamina and HERs – clinical considerations—diagram.
Classify oral mucous membrane. Enumerate histological difference between hard and soft palate: Classification based on function—keratinisation and location.Palatal mucosa – hard and soft – type of keratinisation in both – adaptation – attachment – zones in hard palate – lamina propria—tabulate the differences – relevant diagrams.
Lamina dura: Radiographic name of ? – bundle bone—Sharpey’s fibres—collagen appearance here—lines of rest – reason for its radiologic appearance – Clinical implications.
Keratin: Protein secreted by the epithelial cells (keratinocytes) – cyto keratins –function – basic types and their location – process of keratinisation— describe keratinised epithelium – morphology of keratinocytes in the 4 layers—diagram.
Masticatory mucosa – Gingiva – Briefly on its appearance,adaptation,extension,colour,parts of gingiva and their characteristics – histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—lamina propria – gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres – –function & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate – Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum – describe the layers of keratinised epithelium – – adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium – lamina propria – zones of hard palate based on structure of sub – mucosal layer – incisive papilla – Jacobson’s organ – palatal rugae – epithelial pearls – – blood and nerve supply – Diagram; Junctional epithelium: What is junctional epithelium – epithelial attachment – – other name – histology – layers – appearance, properties , rate of turnover ,width – physiological importance – clinical implications
Keratinized oral mucosa: Gingiva – Briefly on its appearance,adaptation,extension,colour,parts of gingiva and their characteristics – histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—lamina propria – gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres – – –function & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate – – Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum – describe the layers of keratinised epithelium – – adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium – lamina propria – zones of hard palate based on structure of sub – mucosal layer – incisive papilla – Jacobson’s organ – palatal rugae – epithelial pearls – blood and nerve supply – Diagram; Histological appearance of vermillion border of lip and filiform papillae
Describe histology of hardpalate: Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum – describe the layers of keratinised epithelium – – adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium – lamina propria – zones of hard palate based on structure of sub – mucosal layer – incisive papilla – Jacobson’s organ – palatal rugae – epithelial pearls – – blood and nerve supply – Diagram
Write about various types of oral mucosa: Classification – based on location& function – brief description on appearance, location , keratinisation ,histological appearance, staining – note on specialized mucosa – taste buds – function – clinical implications – diagram.
Odland bodies: What are Odland bodies? – other name – – location – – how it is formed—functions – how is it different in non – keratinising epithelium
Shift of dentogingival junction: What is dento gingival junction – development – Nasmyth’s membrane – – attachment epithelium – other name – appearance, properties , rate of turnover ,width – epithelial attachment – shift of dentogingival junction – active eruption – passive eruption – recession – secondary attachment epithelium – stages in passive eruption – – functions – clinical importance – Diagram.
Dentogingival junction: What is dento gingival junction – development – Nasmyth’s membrane – attachment epithelium – other name – appearance, properties , rate of turn over width – epithelial attachment – shift of dentogingival junction – functions – clinical importance – Diagram.
Vallate papilla: Specialized mucosa/ dorsal portion of tongue – different types of papillae present – position of the valate papilla – number – presence of taste buds – name of the duct opening into it – taste bud – taste sensation in vallate papilla – Diagram
Define and classify oral mucous membrane. Describe macroscopic and microscopic feature of dorsum of tongue: Definition and classification – based on location& function – brief description on appearance, location, histological appearance, staining—diagram; Macroscopic appearance – Dorsal lingual mucosa – Describe anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd— papillae – taste bud—microscopic appearance – histology of tongue – describe all papillae with suitable diagrams.
Classify oral mucosa and discuss the cellular events in the maturation of keratinized mucosa: Classification – based on structure& function – brief description on appearance, location, histological appearance, staining—diagram; Process of keratinisation—layers of keratinised oral epithelium – arrangement of keratinocytes in the four layers – morphology of keratinocytes in each layer – define differentiation – (transformation of basal cell into corneum) – desquamation—maturation – turnover time—factors involved in the process
Discuss in detail about the microscopic features of masticatory mucosa: Gingiva – Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteristics – histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—lamina propria – gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres -function & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate – Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum – describe the layers of keratinised epithelium – – adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium – lamina propria – zones of hard palate based on structure of sub – mucosal layer – incisive papilla – Jacobson’s organ – palatal rugae – epithelial pearls – – blood and nerve supply – Diagram
Classify oral mucous membrane. Discuss in detail about specialized mucosa: Classification – based on location& function – brief description on appearance, location , keratinisation, histological appearance, staining – note on specialized mucosa – dorsal lingual mucosa – taste buds – function – clinical implications – diagram
Classify oral mucosa and describe the process of keratinisation: Classification – based on location & function – brief description on appearance, location ,histological appearance, staining—diagram; Process of keratinisation—layers of keratinised oral epithelium – arrangement of keratinocytes in the four layers – morphology of keratinocytes in each layer – define differentiation – (transformation of basal cell into corneum) – desquamation—maturation – turnover time—factors involved in the process.
Classify oral mucosa according to structure and function. Describe the histology of keratinised oral mucosa with suitable diagrams: Classification – based on structure& function – brief description on appearance, location , keratinisation ,histological appearance, staining – note on specialized mucosa – taste buds – function – clinical implications – diagram; Gingiva – Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteristics – histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—lamina propria – gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres – function & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate – Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum – describe the layers of keratinised epithelium – adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium – lamina propria – zones of hard palate based on structure of sub – mucosal layer – incisive papilla – Jacobson’s organ – palatal rugae – epithelial pearls – – blood and nerve supply – Diagram
Classify oral mucosa write in detail about the histology of gingiva: Classification – based on structure& function – brief description on appearance, location, keratinisation ,histological appearance, staining – note on specialized mucosa – taste buds – function – clinical implications – diagram; Gingiva – Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteristics – histological appearance—type of keratinisation – cells present – papillae—lamina propria – gingival fibres – types – collagen fibres – accessory fibres /transeptal fibres – function & extension of each – Blood supply – Diagram
Bone
Reversal and resting line: Reversal line – cement line of mineralised matrix – Organic content – Hematoxiphilic and eosin staining – limit of bone erosion prior to formation of osteon – irregular line. Resting line – regular – periods of rest – bone formation – Diagram
Age changes in alveolar bone: Alveolar socket – fatty marrow infiltration – edentulous jaw changes – trabecular arrangement – inorganic and organic content – CEJ association – changes in adjacent anatomical structures – Diagram
Function of bundle bone: Define bundle bone – location – organic and inorganic content – H& E staining Radiographic appearance – lamina dura – clinical implications.
Osteoblast and Osteoclast: Origin and formation – location – detailed description of morphology – functions – Regulators of their activity – H& E staining – Diagram
Alveolar bone: Structure – alveolar bone proper – lamellated bone – cortical plates – spongy bone – development – functions – age changes – clinical implications – Diagram
Bone resorption: Definition – cells involved – regulators – sequence of events – alterations in osteoclasts – degradation and removal of the degraded products – diagram (resorption bays) – Clinical implications
Write the Chemical composition of bone: Organic component—collagen and noncollagenous proteins – inorganic component – composition in woven and mature bone
Structure of alveolar bone – Alveolar bone proper – supporting bone – lamellated bone – bundle bone – cortical plates – spongy bone – H&E staining – Diagrams
Classification of alveolar bone : Classification – a)compact bone – cribriform plate, cortical plate – composition – histology – b)spongy bone—composition – histology.
Histology of bone: Osteiod – size – composition – compact bone – spongy bone – lamellar bone – description of osteon—haversian canals – volkmann’s canal—reversal and resting lines – diagram.
Bone remodelling: Cells taking part – sequence of events (Activation, Resorption and Reversal stage) – Mediators (hormones ,vitamin D, local factors) – clinical implications.
Matrix Vesicle theory: Definition and theories of calcification – description of matrix vesicle – role in initiation of calcification – inhibitor and promoters of calcification – clinical implications
Effect of calcium on bones: Composition of bone – calcium’s role in calcification (matrix vesicle theory)- hypocalcemia – hypercalcemia – effect on bones – calcium – phosphorus interaction – harmones involved – turn overrate – clinical implications
Mention the different parts of alveolar bone and describe the histology with suitable diagrams: Alveolar bone proper – supporting bone – lamellated bone – bundle bone – cortical plates – spongy bone – H&E staining – Diagrams Classification of alveolar bone a)Compact bone – cribriform plate,cortical plate – composition – histology – b)spongy bone—composition – histology.
Osteoclast: Diagram – morphology – formation – regulation – regulators of osteoclastic activity – H&E staining appearance (histology)
Alveolar bone proper: Composition—organic and inorganic – lamellar bone(detailed description) – Haversian system – bundle bone—diagram.
Endochondral ossification – Definition – Mechanism – bones involved – formation of cartilaginous model – bone collar – periosteal bud – medullary cavity – secondary ossification center – Diagram
Salivary Glands
What are the various salivary glands and histological types? Describe the composition of saliva in detail: Introduction-salivary glands – types of salivary glands (describe the major and minor salivary glands with diagram) – histological types of salivary glands (serous, mucous and seromucousacinar structures — light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance with diagram) – composition of saliva (organic and inorganic constituents, antimicrobial substances)-variation in composition based on the nature of secretion (serous, mucous) – Clinical considerations
Classify salivary glands. Describe the microscopic features of secretory unit of parotid gland: Introduction-salivary glands – classification of salivary glands – overview of parotid gland ( A note on gross anatomy – histology: serous acinar structures and ductal system (light and electron microscopic appearance) – diagram – clinical considerations
Classify salivary glands. Describe submandibular salivary gland: Introduction – salivary glands-classification of salivary glands – overview of submandibular salivary gland – gross anatomy (parenchyma and ducts) – diagram – histology (light and electron microscopic description of secretory units and the ducts) – diagram – nature of salivary secretion – blood supply and innervations –diagram – clinical considerations
Describe the histology of mixed salivary glands: What are mixed salivary glands and examples – histology of mixed salivary gland (describe the light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance) – diagram – nature of salivary secretions – Clinical considerations
Development, anatomy, structure and functions of salivary gland: What are salivary glands?-what type of glands are they? – development-classification-anatomy (position, relation to surrounding structures, blood supply and innervation) – diagram – histology (describe the LM and EM appearance of secretory units/acinar structures and ductal system) – diagram – functions of saliva
Write about anatomy, capsule, relations, structures, nerve supply of parotid gland: Introduction – parotid gland – gross anatomy ( lobes, position, surfaces, borders and relations to the surrounding structures) – capsule – Stenson’s duct – structures contained within – nerve supply (both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation; note on otic ganglion), type of acini and nature of secretion – diagrams – clinical considerations
Describe the surfaces, borders, capsule, relations, structure and nerve supply of parotid gland: Introduction-parotid gland – gross anatomy ( lobes, position, surfaces, borders and relations to the surrounding structures) – capsule – Stenson’s duct – structures contained within – nerve supply (both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations; note on otic ganglion), type of acini and nature of secretion – diagrams – clinical considerations
Ductal systems of major salivary gland: Introduction – ductal system of salivary glands – types of ducts (histology with diagrams)- intercalated ducts – striated ducts – excretory ducts – modification of the saliva in the ductal system(with diagrams) – clinical consideration
Minor salivary glands: Introduction of minor salivary glands – distribution in the oral cavity – types and their description – diagrams – clinical considerations
Functions of saliva: Introduction of saliva (with a note on composition) – functions of saliva- clinical considerations
Histology of salivary gland: Introduction of salivary glands – histology of acinar structures (with diagram; note on the acinar structures in major and minor salivary glands) – histology of ductal structures (with diagram) – clinical considerations
Taste buds: Introduction – distribution – size – shape – histology – functions – diagram – clinical consideration
Composition and functions of saliva: Introduction-saliva – composition of saliva (note on modification of saliva across ducts, organic and inorganic constituents, enzymes, electrolytes, immunoglobulins, antimicrobial substances) – functions of saliva – diagram/schematic representation – clinical considerations
Properties of saliva: Introduction- saliva – organic and inorganic constituents of saliva – nature of secretion & variations in nature in major and minor salivary glands – volume – salivary flow rate -factors affecting the composition of saliva – Clinical considerations
Duct of salivary glands: Introduction – ductal system of salivary glands – types of ducts (histology with diagrams) – intercalated ducts – striated ducts – excretory ducts – modification of the saliva in the ductal system(with diagrams)- clinical consideration
Intercalated ducts: Introduction – intercalated ducts – light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of intercalated ducts – modification of saliva in the intercalated duct-diagram – clinical considerations
Myoepithelial cells: Introduction – what are myoepithelial cells? – shape – light and electron microscopic appearance – functions of myoepithelial cells – diagram – clinical considerations
Role of saliva in defense mechanisms: Introduction – saliva – protection against dehydration -protection from chemical and thermal insults – resistance to dental caries – antimicrobial features (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal) – antioxidant defense mechanism – role of salivary immunoglobulins in defense mechanism
Serous and mucous cells: Introduction of serous and mucous cells in salivary glands – light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of serous and mucous acini – diagram – nature of secretions by serous and mucous cells – clinical considerations
Striated duct: Introduction-striated ducts – light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of striated ducts – modification of saliva in the striated duct – diagram – clinical considerations
Difference between serous and mucous acini: Describe the differences under the following headings: introduction/definition – distribution in major and minor salivary glands – nature of secretion – light microscopic appearance – electron microscopic appearance – diagrams -clinical consideration
Histology of mixed salivary glands: Introduction – mixed salivary glands – examples of mixed salivary glands – nature of secretions – light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance – diagrams – clinical considerations
Oncocytes: Introduction/definition-oncocytes – light and electron microscopic appearance – diagram – clinical considerations
Innervations of salivary glands: Introduction – innervations to salivary glands – sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations – nerve-epithelial cell relationship – axonal varicosities – neurotransmitters – diagram – clinical considerations
Mechanism of salivary secretion: Introduction – salivary secretion (note on the excretory ducts of each major salivary gland) – stages of salivary secretion – production of primary saliva – ductal modification of saliva- final secretion of saliva in the oral cavity
Tempromandibular Joint
Tempromandibular joint: Joint between which bones – development in brief – anatomy – ligaments – blood; nerve supply – function – movements
Movements of TMJ: Nature of joint – limitation of movements – ligaments of TMJ – types of protrusive – retrusive – lateral movements – mediated by – muscles – ligaments – Translational/rotational/ hinge axis – clinical significance
Anatomy of TMJ: Joint between which bones – development initiation – role of cartilage – disc shape – architecture – ligament attached – blood supply – nerve supply – function – clinical significance
Articular disc: Borders & attachment of disc – position of disc – parts of the disc – role in movement – rotational/ translational – ligaments attached – blood & nerve supply
Ligaments of TMJ: Major and accessory ligaments – site of attachment – site of insertion – functions of each ligaments including stabilization – blood supply
Histochemistry
Formalin: what is fixative – use of fixation – materials used – how it works – widely employed materials – percentage/ concentration – how should it be used – advantages and disadvantages
Ground section of tooth – indication and preparation: what is ground section – uses of ground section – how is it done – in which condition tooth is studied – what abrasives are used – levels of abarasions (rough/smooth) – thickness of sections – preparation
Hematoxylin: what is hematoxylin – dye – uses of dye in Histopathological section visualization – why section need to be colored – from where, how, why, what – it is used for – nature of (acidic) – basic dye – contrast
Fixatives: what is fixation – ideal fixative – how it works – why tissue needs to be fixed – examples of fixatives – fixatives for special situations
Decalcification of hard tissue: why hard tissue need to be studied – need to make it soft – methods to make it soft – materials used commonly – effect of acid on hard tissue – end point determination
Alkaline phosphatase: what is alkaline phosphatase – secreted by – when – where – why – what – how? Uses of alkaline phosphatase as a histochemical technique
Acid phosphatase: what is acid phosphatase – secreted by – when – where – why – what – how? Uses of acid phosphatase as a histochemical technique
Per Iodic Acid Schiff stain: what is PAS stain – components of the stain – steps in staining – rationale behind stain – uses of PAS
Tissue processing: what is tissue processing – when- why- what – how? – steps in tissue processing
Tooth Eruption and Shedding
Define eruption. Explain the various theories of tooth eruption: Definition of eruption – movement of teeth – theories –Constriction of pulp – Pulp growth theory – Bone growth theories – Fluid pressure/ vascularity theory – Periodontal ligament traction theory – most accepted with diagrams – List the eruption schedule of human deciduous and permanent dentition
Active and passive eruption of teeth: Active eruption – movement of teeth – functional – physiological movement – why – when – how? Passive eruption – physiology/pathology – why – when – how? – Clinical significance.
Describe in detail various theories of eruption and resorption of deciduous teeth: Shedding of deciduous teeth – mechanism – when – how – why? – Osteoclast/odontoclast – Definition of eruption – movement of teeth – theories –Constriction of pulp – Pulp growth theory – Bone growth theories – Fluid pressure/ vascularity theory – Periodontal ligament traction theory – most accepted with diagrams
Describe process of eruption of permanent teeth in oral cavity: Shedding of deciduous teeth – mechanism – when – how – why? – Osteoclast/odontoclast – Definition of eruption – movement of teeth – theories –Constriction of pulp – Pulp growth theory – Bone growth theories – Fluid pressure/ vascularity theory – Periodontal ligament traction theory – most accepted with diagrams – Eruption – Pre-eruptive and eruptive Movement – merging of reduced enamel epithelium with oral ectoderm – fusion – apoptosis in central part – formation of junctional epithelium – epithelial cuff – clinical significance.
Describe process of shedding of deciduous teeth: What is shedding – why – when – how? – Differentiation of Odontoclast – function – pattern of resorption – clinical significance.
Ligament traction theory: Theories of tooth eruption – most accepted – ligament traction – how – Fibronexus unit – parts of fibronexus unit – importance of fibronectin – mechanism of traction – clinical significance with diagram
Mechanism of shedding: What is shedding – why – when – how? – Differentiation of Odontoclast – function – pattern of resorption – clinical significance.
Tooth morphology
Describe morphology of permanent maxillary right first molar: Introduction of maxillary first molar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams
Cingulum: definition – clinical significance – potential issues – arising out of improper contact – deep bite
Marginal ridge: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Developmental groove: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Point angle: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Occlusion: Definition – nomenclature –Key of occlusion – its significance – necessity for reconstruction in dentures
Describe the morphology of lower left first premolar: Introduction of lower first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams
Define and describe cusp, contact point, contact area, mammelon, transverse ridge: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction for each of the term
Enumerate the class traits of premolar. Give difference between maxillary first and second premolar in tabular form: describe how the premolar has evolved as a transition teeth between canine and premolars with respect to the size, shape, form and function [see Wheeler’s Annexures in this regard]- Also stress how this teeth is adapting and serving to changing pattern of food use – Compare and contrast the Maxillary 1st and 2nd Premolar in the tabular form – – diagrams
Embrasure: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Describe morphology of permanent maxillary canine: Introduction of permanent canine – details cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams
Inclined plane: What is inclined plane – how is it measured in posterior teeth – with large cusps with respect to occlusal plane
Curve of Spee and curve of Monsoon: what are curves – compensation – definition – in natural/denture dentition – uses of such curves – Why – when – how should they be reproduced – diagrams
Describe the morphology of lower left first premolar. Difference between lower first premolar and lower second premolar with diagrams: Introduction of lower first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels. Compare and contrast the mandibular 1st and 2nd Premolar [See Wheelers Annexures] – – diagrams
Describe morphology of upper first premolar with diagrams: Introduction of upper first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – – diagrams
Chronology of deciduous teeth: Sequence of formation – initiation, calcification, ending, eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Describe morphology of lower second premolar with diagrams: Introduction of lower second premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect [All patterns – U, H and Y type] – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams
Describe morphological feature of deciduous maxillary second molar with diagrams: Introduction of upper deciduous second molar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – Shedding – diagrams
Functions of teeth: Enumerate the functions of teeth
Roots of anterior teeth: describe the morphology, number, surfaces, grooves on the surface of the anterior teeth with – diagrams
Difference between deciduous maxillary molar and permanent maxillary molar
Describe morphology of maxillary first premolar. Difference between maxillary and mandibular first premolar: Introduction of upper first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Compare and contrast the Maxillary and Mandibular Molar
Arch traits of maxillary canine: Introduction of permanent canine – details cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from incisor to canine to Premolar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Functions of deciduous teeth: list the various function of deciduous teeth
Compare permanent and deciduous maxillary canine: Compare and contrast the maxillary canine – deciduous/permanent teeth in terms of size, shape, contour, root in each aspect with diagram
Tooth numbering systems: Discuss the need for tooth nomenclature – various types of tooth numbering systems – method of each – advantage and disadvantage – Universal, ZP, FDI and Computer application systems
Describe triade of molar. Explain morphology of lower first molar: Introduction of permanent lower 1st molar – details cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from canine to Premolar to molar – how size, shape and function is modified. Discuss how the cusps are being evolved from primary cusps to secondary cusps to accessory cusps in lower first molar
Primate space: what is primate space – when – why – what – how much – uses – compensation – how correction – prediction of crowding
Key of Occlusion: Concept of key of occlusion: Tooth –tooth contact – inter and intra arch contacts
Describe Occulsal surface of lower first premolar: Outline – number of cusps – no. of marginal ridges, cusps, fossa, groove, pits, incline planes – description – variation – diagram
Calcification of teeth: initiation of calcification – deciduous and permanent teeth, evidence – clinical significance
Leeway space: what is Leeway space – when – why – what – how much – uses – compensation – how correction – prediction of crowding
Ridge: what is a ridge – type of ridge – where, why, how – clinical implications
Arch traits of maxillary incisors: Introduction of permanent incisors – details of incisal edge and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from incisor to canine to Premolar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Occulsal surface of lower II premolar: Introduction of lower second premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect [All patterns – U, H and Y type] – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams
Sequence of eruption of deciduous and permanent dentition: Sequence of eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Importance of chronology of teeth: Sequence of formation – initiation, calcification, ending, eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Tabulate eruption time and root completion of all deciduous and permanent teeth: Sequence of formation – initiation, calcification, ending, eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Tubercle of Carabelli: What – where – how – why ?
Spillway: What – when – how – why – Describe – numbers – Why is it necessary to be reproduced
Describe the morphology of maxillary permanent first molar with relevant diagram: Introduction of permanent upper 1st molar – details cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from canine to Premolar to molar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Describe the morphology of mandibular permanent second premolar with relevant diagram:
Introduction of permanent lower 2nd premolar – details cusps and root – name, outline – shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions – details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal [H, Y, U] aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from canine to Premolar to molar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Miscellaneous
What are the muscles of mastication? Describe their function: Name the muscle of mastication – embryology – origin – insertion – blood and nerve supply – function – clinical significance – diagrams
Stages in deglutition: Three stages in deglutition- process/mechanism – nerve involved – clinical significance
Nerve supply of tongue: motor innervations – sensory innervations – Taste sensation – pathways associated – clinical significance – diagrams
Mention the branches of trigeminal nerve. Write in detail about mandibular nerve: Trigeminal nucleus till terminal branches- intra/extra-cranial course – foramen involved – trace the major three branches – detail about mandibular nerve and all its branches – innervations – clinical significance – diagrams
Anatomy of Parotid gland: Position – embryology – shape, size – borders – association – relation – course of duct till opening in to mouth – blood/nerve supply – innervations – sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation – ganglion associated
What is pain? Explain pain pathway and trace it from maxillary first molar: Define pain – pain pathway – from oral cavity till spinal cord – brain
Extracranial course of facial nerve: Foramen – complete course –all division & innervations – diagrams
Otic ganglion: Sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers – afferent & efferent fibers – structures associated – clinical significance – diagrams
Blood supply to face: – Major arteries supplying face – branches – terminal branches – structures; Venous drainage of face – diagrams
Swallowing & deglutition: define swallowing & deglutition – stages – control – mechanism – clinical significance
Muscles of tongue: intrinsic & extrinsic – origin – insertion – Blood & nerve supply – clinical significance
Inferior Alveolar nerve:
Write development, anatomy, histology & movements of TMJ
Cushion Hammock ligament
Papillae of tongue
Von Ebner Glands
Functions of calcium
Calcium homeostasis
Tetany
Effects of hormones on oral tissue
Vitamin C & oral tissue
Write in detail the origin, course & distribution of the principal sensory nerve of the oral cavity